Basic Science in JSS 2 provides students with foundational knowledge in science that they can build upon in higher classes. During the second term, the focus shifts to understanding the concept of “force.” This guide will help you revise key topics, offering explanations and questions designed to help you grasp the material and perform well in your exams.
1. Revision of Last Term’s Work
Before diving into new concepts, it’s important to revise the material from the previous term. This ensures that your foundation is solid and you are prepared for new topics in Basic Science.
Key Areas Covered in Last Term:
- Introduction to Basic Science: What Basic Science is and how it affects our daily lives.
- Scientific Methods: Understanding observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusion.
- The Five Senses: How humans use the five senses to interact with the world.
- Simple Machines: Introduction to levers, pulleys, and inclined planes.
- Matter and its Properties: Basic properties of matter, states of matter (solid, liquid, gas).
Revision Tips:
- Review your notes on the five senses and basic experiments you performed.
- Refresh your understanding of matter, its states, and properties.
- Ensure you can define simple machines and explain how they work.
Sample Questions:
- What is Basic Science, and why is it important?
- Explain the five senses and give examples of their use.
- What are simple machines, and how do they make work easier?
- Describe the three states of matter and provide examples.
- How do we use scientific methods in experiments?
- What is the role of a hypothesis in scientific experiments?
- Can you list and explain two types of simple machines?
- Why is understanding the properties of matter essential in science?
- How does the state of matter change when heat is applied?
- Explain the process of making observations in science experiments.
2. Force: Introduction to Force (Week 2)
Key Concept: Force is a push or pull that can change the motion of an object. It is an essential concept in physics and is applied in many everyday activities.
Key Areas:
- Definition of Force: A force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
- Units of Force: Force is measured in newtons (N), named after Sir Isaac Newton.
- Types of Forces: Contact forces (like friction and tension) and non-contact forces (like gravity and magnetism).
Revision Tips:
- Learn the different types of forces and how they affect objects.
- Understand the units of force and practice converting between units.
- Relate real-world examples to force concepts.
Sample Questions:
- What is the definition of force in Basic Science?
- Name the units used to measure force.
- How does a force affect the motion of an object?
- What is the difference between contact forces and non-contact forces?
- Give an example of a force that can change the direction of an object.
- What happens when two forces act in opposite directions?
- How do forces cause objects to speed up or slow down?
- What role does friction play in motion?
- Can force be applied to non-living objects? Provide an example.
- How do gravity and magnetism differ as forces?
3. Force: Effects of Force
Key Concept: Force can cause different effects on objects, such as moving them, stopping them, or changing their shape.
Key Areas:
- Motion: Force can make objects move, change direction, or stop.
- Deformation: Force can change the shape of an object (e.g., squeezing, bending).
- Speed and Velocity: Force affects how fast an object moves or its rate of speed.
Revision Tips:
- Focus on how different forces lead to changes in motion.
- Practice drawing diagrams to show how forces can cause objects to stop, start, or change direction.
- Understand the relationship between force, speed, and velocity.
Sample Questions:
- How can a force cause an object to move?
- What happens when a force is applied to stop a moving object?
- How does force affect the speed of an object?
- What is the relationship between force and the change in an object’s direction?
- How does force cause an object to change shape?
- What is the effect of applying a force to a stationary object?
- Can force cause both speed and direction to change simultaneously? Explain.
- What is the effect of balanced forces on an object’s motion?
- How can forces cause objects to accelerate?
- What is the impact of force when it is applied in different directions?
4. Force: Measuring Force
Key Concept: Measuring force is essential to understanding its impact on motion and objects. The standard unit of measurement for force is the newton (N).
Key Areas:
- Instruments for Measuring Force: The spring balance and force meters are commonly used to measure force.
- How to Use a Spring Balance: A spring balance works by measuring the stretching of a spring when force is applied.
- Calculating Force: Force = Mass × Acceleration (F = m × a), which is Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
Revision Tips:
- Practice using a spring balance to measure the force applied to an object.
- Understand the formula for calculating force and practice solving related problems.
- Focus on units of mass and acceleration to understand how force is calculated.
Sample Questions:
- What instrument is commonly used to measure force?
- How does a spring balance work to measure force?
- What is the formula for calculating force?
- How can you calculate the force applied to an object?
- How do you measure the weight of an object using a spring balance?
- What is the difference between mass and weight?
- How does the acceleration of an object affect the force applied to it?
- What are the units of force in the metric system?
- If the mass of an object is 10 kg and it accelerates at 2 m/s², what is the force?
- How can force be measured in everyday life?
5. Force: Types of Forces
Key Concept: Different types of forces are at play in nature, and understanding each type is crucial in science. These forces include gravity, friction, and others.
Key Areas:
- Gravitational Force: The force that attracts objects toward the center of the Earth.
- Frictional Force: The force that opposes the motion of objects sliding over one another.
- Tensile Force: The force that stretches or pulls objects apart.
- Magnetic Force: The force between magnets that can either attract or repel.
Revision Tips:
- Learn how different forces act on objects.
- Identify real-world examples of each type of force.
- Understand how friction, gravity, and magnetism affect movement and behavior of objects.
Sample Questions:
- What is gravitational force, and how does it affect objects on Earth?
- How does friction work to stop moving objects?
- What is tensile force, and how is it different from other types of force?
- What are magnetic forces, and how do they influence the movement of metals?
- How does gravity cause objects to fall towards the ground?
- Can friction ever be beneficial? Explain with an example.
- How do magnets attract or repel each other?
- What is the effect of friction on a car moving on a road?
- How does gravity influence the motion of planets?
- What happens when you apply force to overcome friction?
6. Force: Newton’s Laws of Motion
Key Concept: Newton’s Laws of Motion explain how objects move when forces act on them. Understanding these laws helps students predict and analyze the movement of objects.
Key Areas:
- First Law (Law of Inertia): An object will stay at rest or keep moving at a constant speed unless acted upon by an external force.
- Second Law (F = ma): The force acting on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration.
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Revision Tips:
- Focus on real-life examples that illustrate Newton’s Laws.
- Understand how each law is used to explain different scenarios of motion.
- Practice applying Newton’s Second Law to solve problems involving force, mass, and acceleration.
Sample Questions:
- What is Newton’s First Law of Motion?
- How does Newton’s Second Law relate force, mass, and acceleration?
- What does Newton’s Third Law state about action and reaction?
- Give an example of Newton’s First Law in action.
- How does the concept of inertia relate to Newton’s First Law?
- If a car has a mass of 1000 kg and accelerates at 2 m/s², what force is required?
- What is the relationship between force and acceleration in Newton’s Second Law?
- How do the forces acting on a rocket during launch demonstrate Newton’s Third Law?
- Can you identify examples of Newton’s Laws in everyday life?
- How does Newton’s First Law explain why passengers feel a jerk when a car suddenly stops?