SSS 2 Government Lesson Notes for Second Term

This lesson guide is crafted for secondary school students in SSS 2 to understand key historical and political concepts in Nigerian governance. It includes clear explanations, examples, reading assignments, and evaluation questions for each topic to ensure students grasp the content fully.

Topic: Resumption Test / Pre-Colonial Administration

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Describe the system of government of the Hausa/Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba in pre-colonial days.
2. Explain the roles of the components of their respective administrative structures.
3. Compare the different pre-colonial administrative systems.

1. The Hausa/Fulani Pre-Colonial Administration

Structure of Government

The Hausa/Fulani practiced a centralized system of government, heavily influenced by Islamic principles. Their administrative system was a monarchy headed by the Emir.

1. The Emir:
   • The Emir was the supreme ruler of the Emirate and wielded executive, legislative, and judicial powers.
   • His authority was seen as divine, guided by the teachings of Islam.
2. The District Heads:
   • The Emirate was divided into districts, each governed by a district head.
   • They acted as intermediaries between the Emir and the local population, collecting taxes and maintaining order.
3. The Alkali Courts:
   • Judicial matters were handled by Islamic judges (Alkalis).
   • They resolved disputes based on Islamic law (Sharia).
4. The Tax System:
   • Taxes were an essential part of governance, including Zakat (charity tax) and Jangali (cattle tax).

Example:

The Sokoto Caliphate, founded by Usman dan Fodio, is a notable example of Hausa/Fulani administration.

Reading Assignment: Research the establishment and administration of the Sokoto Caliphate.

Evaluation Questions:

1. Who was the head of the Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration?
2. Mention two taxes collected in the Hausa/Fulani system.

2. The Igbo Pre-Colonial Administration

Structure of Government

The Igbo practiced a decentralized system of government. Their system was acephalous, meaning it had no central authority.

1. The Village Assembly (Ama-Ala):
   • The village assembly was the highest decision-making body.
   • It consisted of all adult males in the community who deliberated on issues collectively.
2. The Council of Elders (Ndichie):
   • This council acted as advisers and played a significant role in settling disputes.
3. The Age Grades:
   • The age grades were responsible for communal activities such as maintaining roads and enforcing decisions.
4. The Priest and Diviners:
   • Spiritual matters were handled by priests and diviners, who served as intermediaries between the gods and the people.

Example:

The Arochukwu Confederacy is a notable example of Igbo pre-colonial governance, where the oracle (Ibin Ukpabi) played a vital role.

Reading Assignment: Investigate the role of the oracle in the Arochukwu Confederacy.

Evaluation Questions:

1. Describe the role of the age grades in the Igbo pre-colonial system.
2. What does “acephalous” mean in the context of Igbo administration?

3. The Yoruba Pre-Colonial Administration

Structure of Government

The Yoruba practiced a centralized system of government with a blend of checks and balances. The Oba (king) was the central figure of authority.

1. The Oba:
   • The Oba was the political and spiritual leader of the Yoruba kingdom.
   • His powers were not absolute but were checked by a council.
2. The Council of Chiefs:
   • Known as the Oyo Mesi, this council advised the Oba and had the power to depose him if he became tyrannical.
3. The Ogboni Society:
   • This secret society played a judicial and religious role, ensuring that justice was served.
4. Provincial Administration:
   • The kingdom was divided into provinces governed by Baales (provincial heads) under the authority of the Oba.

Example:

The Oyo Empire, with its highly organized administrative structure, is a classic example of Yoruba governance.

Reading Assignment: Study the administrative system of the Oyo Empire and its checks and balances.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What was the role of the Oyo Mesi in the Yoruba administration?
2. How did the Ogboni Society ensure justice in the Yoruba system?

Comparison of the Systems

Feature	Hausa/Fulani	Igbo	Yoruba
Centralization	Centralized (Emirate)	Decentralized (Acephalous)	Centralized (Monarchy)
Head of Government	Emir	Village Assembly	Oba
Judicial System	Islamic Law (Sharia)	Priests and Diviners	Ogboni Society
Decision-Making Process	Emir’s decree	Collective agreement	Council and Oba

Reading Assignment: Compare the role of central authority in the three systems.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What are the key differences between the Hausa/Fulani and Igbo systems?
2. Which system had the most structured checks and balances?

Topic: Colonial Administration (British Colonial Administration)

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Explain the principles and structure of British colonial administration in Nigeria (Indirect Rule System).
2. Discuss the impact of colonial administration in Nigeria and West Africa.
3. Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of colonial rule.

1. Principles and Structure of British Colonial Administration in Nigeria (Indirect Rule System)

Principles of Indirect Rule

The British colonial administration adopted the indirect rule system, which involved using traditional rulers and existing political structures to govern the colonies. The core principles included:

1. Utilizing Traditional Institutions:
   • The British believed that the use of existing traditional rulers would ensure a smoother administration.
   • Local customs and laws were respected, as long as they did not conflict with British policies.
2. Cost-Effective Governance: Indirect rule reduced the financial burden on the British government as fewer expatriate officials were required.
3. Centralized Supervision: The British retained overall control while delegating daily administration to local chiefs and traditional institutions.

Structure of the Indirect Rule System

1. Governor:
   • The governor was the highest-ranking British official in the colony.
   • He represented the British Crown and was responsible for implementing policies.
2. Regional Commissioners: Below the governor were regional commissioners who oversaw large administrative regions.
3. District Officers (DOs): DOs acted as intermediaries between the British administration and the local chiefs.
4. Traditional Rulers: Local rulers such as Emirs, Obas, and village heads were empowered to enforce colonial policies, collect taxes, and maintain order.

Example of Indirect Rule:

The system was most effective in the Northern region of Nigeria, where the centralized and hierarchical political structure under the Emirs of the Sokoto Caliphate aligned with the principles of indirect rule.

Reading Assignment: Research the role of Frederick Lugard in implementing the indirect rule system in Nigeria.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What were the main principles of the British indirect rule system?
2. Explain the role of district officers in the indirect rule system.

2. Impact of Colonial Administration in Nigeria and West Africa

Positive Impacts

1. Introduction of Western Education:
   • The colonial administration established schools, which introduced Western-style education to Nigeria and West Africa.
   • Notable institutions include King’s College, Lagos, and Achimota School in Ghana.
2. Development of Infrastructure: Railways, roads, and ports were built to facilitate the export of raw materials, which also benefited local transportation.
3. Modern Political Systems: Colonial rule introduced new governance systems, such as representative government, which influenced post-independence political structures.
4. Health Improvements: The establishment of hospitals and health programs helped combat diseases like smallpox and malaria.

Negative Impacts

1. Exploitation of Resources: Raw materials were extracted and exported to Europe for the benefit of the colonial powers.
2. Disruption of Traditional Systems: Indigenous political and cultural systems were often undermined or replaced by colonial institutions.
3. Economic Dependency: The colonies were integrated into the global economy in a way that made them dependent on European markets.
4. Social Inequalities: Colonial policies favored certain ethnic groups, leading to long-term divisions and conflicts.

Reading Assignment: Examine the economic policies of colonial administration in West Africa.

Evaluation Questions:

1. List two positive and two negative impacts of colonial administration in Nigeria.
2. How did colonial rule affect traditional political systems?

3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Colonial Rule

Advantages

1. Introduction of Formal Education: Provided access to Western knowledge and skills.
2. Modernization: Brought modern infrastructure such as railways, roads, and telecommunication.
3. Legal and Political Structures: Introduced written laws and administrative frameworks.

Disadvantages

1. Economic Exploitation: Natural resources were exploited for the benefit of the colonial powers.
2. Cultural Erosion: Traditional practices and values were replaced with Western norms.
3. Social Stratification: Created ethnic and class divisions that persist to this day.

Example: The introduction of railways in Nigeria facilitated trade but primarily served British economic interests by transporting goods to ports for export.

Reading Assignment: Compare the advantages and disadvantages of colonial rule in Nigeria and Ghana.

Evaluation Questions:

1. Identify three advantages of colonial rule.
2. Explain how colonial rule led to economic exploitation.

Topic: Colonial Administration (French Colonial Administration)

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Identify the principles and structure of French colonial administration in French West Africa, including the policy of assimilation and association.
2. Discuss the impact of French colonial policy in West Africa.
3. Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the French colonial policy.
4. Compare the British and French colonial policies of administration in West Africa.

1. Principles and Structure of French Colonial Administration

Principles of French Colonial Administration

The French colonial administration was based on two key policies: assimilation and association.

1. Policy of Assimilation:
   • The French aimed to transform their colonies into extensions of France.
   • Africans were expected to adopt French culture, language, laws, and customs.
   • French laws applied equally to both French citizens and African elites who had embraced French culture.
2. Policy of Association (Later Policy):
   • This replaced assimilation when the French realized the difficulty of completely erasing African cultural identities.
   • Association allowed for the coexistence of African traditions alongside French influence, but still under French dominance.

Structure of the Administration

1. Governor-General:
   • The governor-general was the highest-ranking official and represented the French government in the colonies.
   • He had significant powers, including the ability to enact laws.
2. Lieutenant-Governors: These officials managed the individual territories within French West Africa under the governor-general’s supervision.
3. Commandants de Cercle: They were responsible for smaller administrative units, implementing policies and maintaining law and order.
4. Chiefs: Unlike the British system, French chiefs were not traditional rulers but were appointed by the French to serve as intermediaries.

Example of Assimilation in Practice:

The Four Communes of Senegal (Saint-Louis, Dakar, Gorée, and Rufisque) were areas where Africans who embraced French culture were granted French citizenship.

Reading Assignment: Research the significance of the Four Communes in Senegal under French rule.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What were the main principles of French colonial administration?
2. Explain the difference between assimilation and association.

2. Impact of French Colonial Policy in West Africa

Positive Impacts

1. Introduction of Western Education:
   • French-style schools were established, which focused on teaching the French language and culture.
   • Africans who embraced French education gained access to better opportunities.
2. Infrastructure Development: Roads, railways, and ports were built to support economic activities, which indirectly benefited the local population.
3. Unified Administration: The centralization of governance created a more organized administrative structure.

Negative Impacts

1. Cultural Erosion: The policy of assimilation led to the suppression of African cultural practices and traditions.
2. Exploitation of Resources: Natural resources were exploited to benefit France, leaving the colonies underdeveloped.
3. Social Inequality: Only a small elite group of Africans who fully embraced French culture (évolués) enjoyed rights similar to French citizens.
4. Lack of Political Representation: While some Africans gained representation in the French National Assembly, the majority had no say in governance.

Example: The Dakar-Niger Railway was built to transport goods, benefiting the French economy but displacing many local communities.

Reading Assignment: Investigate the role of African elites (évolués) in the French colonial administration.

Evaluation Questions:

1. List two positive and two negative impacts of French colonial policy in West Africa.
2. How did the policy of assimilation affect African cultures?

3. Advantages and Disadvantages of French Colonial Policy

Advantages

1. Unified Administration: French territories had a centralized system that promoted uniform governance.
2. Educational Opportunities: Africans who adopted French education had access to privileges and could serve in government positions.
3. Modernization: Infrastructure such as railways, ports, and administrative buildings was developed.

Disadvantages

1. Cultural Suppression: The policy of assimilation disregarded and eroded indigenous cultures and traditions.
2. Economic Exploitation: Resources from the colonies were used to develop France, leaving the colonies impoverished.
3. Social Division: The évolués were favored over the general population, creating social inequality.

Example: The education system in Senegal produced elites like Blaise Diagne, the first African elected to the French National Assembly, but this did not benefit the broader population.

Reading Assignment: Examine the role of Blaise Diagne in advocating for African rights under French colonial rule.

Evaluation Questions:

1. Mention two advantages of the French colonial policy.
2. Explain how French policies led to social divisions in West Africa.

4. Comparison of British and French Colonial Policies

Feature	British Colonial Policy	French Colonial Policy
Centralization	Decentralized (Indirect Rule)	Centralized
Use of Traditional Rulers	Extensive use of existing traditional rulers	Appointed chiefs, limited use of traditional rulers
Cultural Influence	Preserved indigenous cultures	Promoted French culture through assimilation
Education	Limited Western education, focused on elites	Comprehensive education in French language
Economic Policy	Exploited resources but allowed private ownership	Exploited resources under centralized control

Reading Assignment: Analyze the similarities and differences between the British and French colonial policies in West Africa.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What are two key differences between British and French colonial policies?
2. How did the British and French approaches to education differ?

Topic: Nationalism

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Explain the meaning of nationalism.
2. Discuss the factors that led to the rise and growth of nationalism in Nigeria.
3. Analyze the effects of nationalism on Nigeria.
4. Identify some key nationalist leaders in Nigeria and their contributions.

1. Meaning of Nationalism

Definition of Nationalism:
Nationalism refers to the consciousness and strong desire of people to promote and protect their interests, culture, and independence. It is a movement aimed at gaining political, social, and economic freedom from external domination or influence.

In the context of Nigeria, nationalism was the movement by Nigerians to resist colonial rule and demand self-governance.

Example:
The fight for Nigeria’s independence from British colonial rule is a classic example of nationalism.

Reading Assignment: Research the different definitions of nationalism by political scientists and historians.

Evaluation Questions:

1. Define nationalism in your own words.
2. How would you explain nationalism to someone unfamiliar with the concept?

2. Factors That Led to the Rise and Growth of Nationalism in Nigeria

Several factors contributed to the rise and growth of nationalism in Nigeria.

1. Colonial Rule and Exploitation:

• British colonial policies, such as the exploitation of resources and imposition of taxes, created resentment among Nigerians.
• Discrimination against Nigerians in education, employment, and governance fueled the desire for self-rule.

2. Western Education:

• The introduction of Western education produced an educated elite who became aware of their rights and the need for self-determination.
• Schools like King’s College in Lagos trained many future nationalist leaders.

3. Role of the Press: 

• Newspapers such as The West African Pilot (founded by Nnamdi Azikiwe) played a critical role in spreading nationalist ideas and exposing the injustices of colonial rule.

4. Pan-Africanism:

• The Pan-African movement, which sought to unify Africans worldwide against colonial oppression, inspired Nigerian nationalists.

5. World Wars:

• Many Nigerians fought in World Wars I and II. Their exposure to other parts of the world and their realization of equality with Europeans motivated them to demand freedom.

6. Economic Hardship:

• High taxes, low wages, and poor living conditions under colonial rule sparked protests and demands for better treatment.

7. Global Influence:

• The independence of other countries, such as India in 1947, inspired Nigerians to seek freedom.

Example:
The Aba Women’s Riot of 1929 was a significant event where women protested against colonial tax policies, demonstrating the collective resistance against exploitation.

Reading Assignment: Investigate the role of Western education in shaping the Nigerian nationalist movement.

Evaluation Questions:

1. List three factors that contributed to the rise of nationalism in Nigeria.
2. How did World Wars I and II influence Nigerian nationalism?

3. Effects of Nationalism on Nigeria

Positive Effects:

1. Independence: Nationalism led to Nigeria gaining independence from Britain on October 1, 1960.
2. Unity: It fostered a sense of unity among Nigerians, as they collectively worked toward the common goal of self-rule.
3. Development of Political Awareness: Nationalism educated Nigerians about their rights and the importance of governance.
4. Formation of Political Parties: Nationalism led to the establishment of political parties such as the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) and the Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM).

Negative Effects:

1. Ethnic Rivalries: The struggle for independence sometimes highlighted divisions among ethnic groups.
2. Unrealized Expectations: Post-independence governance did not always meet the aspirations of the nationalist movement.

Example: The creation of the NCNC and its role in pushing for Nigeria’s independence exemplifies the impact of nationalism.

Reading Assignment: Explore the role of nationalism in the development of political parties in Nigeria.

Evaluation Questions:

1. Mention two positive effects of nationalism in Nigeria.
2. How did nationalism contribute to Nigeria’s independence?

4. Key Nationalist Leaders in Nigeria and Their Contributions

1. Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904–1996):

• Known as the “Father of Nigerian Nationalism.”
• Founded The West African Pilot newspaper to advocate for independence.
• Played a significant role in the formation of the NCNC and became Nigeria’s first president in 1963.

2. Obafemi Awolowo (1909–1987):

• Advocated for federalism and education as a tool for empowerment.
• Founded the Action Group (AG) political party.

3. Herbert Macaulay (1864–1946):

• Often called the “Father of Nigerian Nationalism.”
• Founded the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) in 1923.
• Played a pivotal role in mobilizing Nigerians against colonial exploitation.

4. Ahmadu Bello (1910–1966):

• Advocated for the rights of Northern Nigerians and the preservation of cultural heritage.
• Played a key role in the formation of the Northern People’s Congress (NPC).

5. Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (1900–1978):

• A prominent female nationalist who fought for women’s rights and against colonial policies.
• Played a major role in the Abeokuta Women’s Union.

Example: Nnamdi Azikiwe’s establishment of The West African Pilot significantly influenced public opinion against colonial rule.

Reading Assignment: Research the contributions of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti to Nigeria’s nationalist movement.

Evaluation Questions:

1. Name two key nationalist leaders and their contributions to Nigeria’s independence.
2. How did Nnamdi Azikiwe use the press to promote nationalism?

Topic: Constitutional Development in Nigeria (Pre-Independence Constitutions)

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Explain the origin of the constitution in Nigeria.
2. Discuss the features of the Nigerian Council of 1914 and Clifford’s Constitution of 1922.
3. Identify the merits and demerits of these constitutions.

1. Introduction to Constitutional Development in Nigeria

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or organization is governed. In Nigeria, constitutional development refers to the gradual evolution of frameworks that guided governance from colonial times to independence.

Origin of the Constitution in Nigeria:

• Before colonial rule, Nigeria was governed through traditional systems, including monarchies and chiefdoms.
• With the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates in 1914 by Lord Frederick Lugard, the need for a unified system of governance emerged.
• This led to the introduction of written constitutions, starting with the Nigerian Council of 1914 and followed by others, such as Clifford’s Constitution of 1922.

2. The Nigerian Council of 1914

Features of the Nigerian Council of 1914:

1. Establishment of the Nigerian Council: The Nigerian Council was created by Lord Lugard after the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates.
2. Membership Composition:
   • The council comprised 36 members, including officials and unofficial representatives.
   • The majority of the council members were British officials, while a few Nigerians were included as unofficial members.
3. Advisory Role: The council served as an advisory body to the Governor-General. It did not have legislative powers.
4. No African Majority Representation: The council was dominated by British officials, and the voices of Africans were minimal.

Merits of the Nigerian Council of 1914:

1. Foundation for Unity:
   • It was the first attempt to create a single administrative structure for Nigeria.
2. Involvement of Nigerians:
   • Although limited, some Nigerians were introduced into governance.

Demerits of the Nigerian Council of 1914:

1. Limited African Representation:
   • Africans were underrepresented, with only a few unofficial members included.
2. Lack of Legislative Power:
   • The council was merely advisory, with no authority to make laws.

Example: The Nigerian Council met occasionally to discuss issues, but final decisions were made by the Governor-General.

Reading Assignment: Research the impact of Lord Lugard’s policies on Nigeria’s governance structure.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What was the primary role of the Nigerian Council of 1914?
2. Mention two features of the Nigerian Council.

3. Clifford’s Constitution of 1922

Features of Clifford’s Constitution:

1. Introduction of Elective Representation:
   • For the first time, Nigerians were allowed to elect representatives into the Legislative Council.
   • Elections were held in Lagos and Calabar, but only adult male taxpayers who met income qualifications could vote.
2. Legislative Council:
   • The council comprised 46 members, with 27 being official members and 19 unofficial members.
   • Out of the 19 unofficial members, four were elected Nigerians.
3. Limited Franchise: Voting was restricted to Lagos and Calabar, excluding most Nigerians from participating.
4. Exclusion of the Northern Region: The Northern Region was excluded from the legislative process, as it was governed directly by the British.

Merits of Clifford’s Constitution:

1. Introduction of Elections: Clifford’s Constitution marked the beginning of electoral representation in Nigeria.
2. Encouragement of Political Awareness: It stimulated the formation of political associations such as the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), founded by Herbert Macaulay.

Demerits of Clifford’s Constitution:

1. Limited Scope: Only Lagos and Calabar were involved, leaving the majority of Nigerians unrepresented.
2. Exclusion of the North: The Northern Region had no representation in the Legislative Council.
3. Restricted Franchise: Voting rights were limited to a small elite group, excluding women and lower-income earners.

Example: Herbert Macaulay, regarded as the “Father of Nigerian Nationalism,” contested and won elections under this constitution in Lagos.

Reading Assignment: Investigate the role of Herbert Macaulay and the NNDP in promoting political participation in Nigeria.

Evaluation Questions:

1. List two features of Clifford’s Constitution of 1922.
2. What were the major limitations of Clifford’s Constitution?

4. Comparison Between the Nigerian Council of 1914 and Clifford’s Constitution of 1922

Feature	Nigerian Council of 1914	Clifford’s Constitution of 1922
Legislative Power	Advisory only	Introduced limited legislative power
Representation	No elections, limited African members	Elections introduced for some Africans
Geographic Scope	Covered all of Nigeria	Excluded Northern Region
Inclusivity	Minimal African involvement	Increased African participation

Conclusion

The Nigerian Council of 1914 and Clifford’s Constitution of 1922 were significant milestones in Nigeria’s constitutional development. While both had their limitations, they laid the groundwork for future governance structures and increased political participation by Nigerians.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What was the main purpose of the Nigerian Council of 1914?
2. Identify two merits of Clifford’s Constitution of 1922.
3. Compare the geographic coverage of the Nigerian Council and Clifford’s Constitution.

Topic: Constitutional Development in Nigeria (Pre-Independence Constitutions: Richards Constitution 1946, Macpherson Constitution 1951, and London Constitutional Conference 1953)

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Identify the features of Richards Constitution (1946), Macpherson Constitution (1951), and the outcomes of the London Constitutional Conference (1953).
2. Highlight the objectives of these constitutions.
3. Outline the merits and demerits of each constitution.

1. Richards Constitution (1946)

Features of Richards Constitution:

1. Regionalism Introduced: Nigeria was divided into three regions: Northern, Western, and Eastern Regions.
2. Central Legislative Council: A central legislative council was established, comprising both official and unofficial members.
3. Regional Councils: Each region had its own council to address local issues.
4. Increased Nigerian Representation: The constitution included more Nigerians in governance than previous constitutions.
5. Limited Franchise: Voting rights were restricted to a select few based on property and income qualifications.

Objectives of Richards Constitution:

1. To promote the unity of Nigeria while respecting regional diversity.
2. To encourage greater Nigerian participation in governance.

Merits of Richards Constitution:

1. Regional Autonomy: It recognized regional diversity by establishing regional councils.
2. Increased Nigerian Participation: Nigerians gained more representation in governance compared to earlier constitutions.

Demerits of Richards Constitution:

1. Limited Franchise: Voting rights were still restricted to the elite.
2. Governor’s Dominance: The Governor retained significant power over legislative decisions.

Example: The Richards Constitution set the stage for greater regional governance, but the Governor still had the final say.

Reading Assignment: Research how regionalism shaped Nigeria’s political landscape.

Evaluation Questions:

1. List two features of the Richards Constitution of 1946.
2. What were the objectives of the Richards Constitution?

2. Macpherson Constitution (1951)

Features of Macpherson Constitution:

1. Consultative Process: The constitution was created after extensive consultations with Nigerians at village, district, and regional levels.
2. Regional Assemblies with Legislative Powers: Regional assemblies were given legislative powers, allowing them to make laws on certain issues.
3. House of Representatives: A central House of Representatives was established to handle national matters.
4. Increased Representation: More Nigerians were included in the legislative process than ever before.
5. Federal Structure: The federal system of government was introduced, with power shared between the central and regional governments.

Objectives of Macpherson Constitution:

1. To create a more inclusive government by involving Nigerians in the constitution-making process.
2. To promote unity among the regions through a federal structure.

Merits of Macpherson Constitution:

1. Consultative Approach: Nigerians were actively involved in drafting the constitution.
2. Introduction of Federalism: It introduced a federal system that recognized regional diversity.

Demerits of Macpherson Constitution:

1. Lack of Clear Power Sharing: There was no clear distinction between the powers of the central and regional governments, leading to conflicts.
2. Ethnic Rivalries: The constitution heightened ethnic tensions as regions began to seek more autonomy.

Example:
The consultative approach of the Macpherson Constitution marked a significant step towards self-governance, but it also revealed the challenges of balancing regional interests.

Reading Assignment: Investigate the role of federalism in the Macpherson Constitution and its impact on Nigeria.

Evaluation Questions:

1. How did the Macpherson Constitution involve Nigerians in its creation?
2. What was one major flaw of the Macpherson Constitution?

3. London Constitutional Conference (1953)

Features of the London Constitutional Conference:

1. Discussion of Self-Governance: Delegates from Nigeria met in London to discuss the pathway to self-governance.
2. Strengthening Federalism: The conference reinforced the federal system and sought to give regions more autonomy.
3. Creation of the Office of the Premier: Regional premiers were introduced to strengthen regional governance.
4. Timeline for Independence: The conference set the stage for Nigeria’s eventual independence.

Objectives of the London Constitutional Conference:

1. To address the weaknesses of the Macpherson Constitution.
2. To create a framework for regional self-governance.

Merits of the London Constitutional Conference:

1. Advancement Towards Independence: The conference laid the groundwork for Nigeria’s independence.
2. Enhanced Regional Autonomy: Regions gained more control over their affairs.

Demerits of the London Constitutional Conference:

1. Ethnic Divisions: Discussions about regional autonomy further deepened ethnic rivalries.
2. Slow Pace of Change:  The conference did not immediately resolve all constitutional issues.

Example: The London Constitutional Conference is seen as a turning point that paved the way for Nigeria’s eventual independence in 1960.

Reading Assignment: Study the outcomes of the London Constitutional Conference and its significance in Nigeria’s constitutional development.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What was the main focus of the London Constitutional Conference?
2. How did the conference contribute to Nigeria’s independence?

Comparison of the Constitutions

Feature	Richards Constitution (1946)	Macpherson Constitution (1951)	London Constitutional Conference (1953)
Regional Representation	Introduced regional councils	Strengthened regional governance	Enhanced regional autonomy
Federalism	No federal structure	Federal structure introduced	Federal structure reinforced
Nigerian Participation	Limited	Broad consultation	Active political involvement

Topic: Independence and Post-Independence Constitution (1960 & 1963): 1st Republic

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Explain the features of the 1960 and 1963 constitutions.
2. Outline the common features of both constitutions.
3. Identify the differences between the 1960 and 1963 constitutions.

1. The 1960 Independence Constitution (Nigeria’s Independence Constitution)

Key Features of the 1960 Constitution:

1. Nigeria Becomes a Sovereign Nation: The 1960 Constitution marked Nigeria’s formal independence from British colonial rule, granting the country full sovereignty. It created Nigeria as a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as the ceremonial head of state, represented by the Governor-General.
2. Federal System of Government: Nigeria remained a federal republic with three regions: the Northern, Western, and Eastern Regions. The Southern Cameroons was a UN trusteeship under British administration and not part of Nigeria at the time.
3. Bicameral Legislature: The constitution established a bicameral federal legislature, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives had 312 members, while the Senate had 44 members, with representatives from the three regions.
4. Separation of Powers: The constitution enshrined the principle of the separation of powers among the executive, legislature, and judiciary, with an independent judiciary to oversee disputes and uphold laws.
5. Governor-General and Executive Powers: The Governor-General was the representative of the British monarch in Nigeria, and the executive branch was headed by the Prime Minister, who was the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives. This was an indication of Nigeria’s gradual shift towards full self-government.
6. Civil Liberties: The constitution guaranteed fundamental rights for all Nigerian citizens, including freedom of speech, movement, and assembly.

Common Features of the 1960 and 1963 Constitutions:

1. Federal System of Government: Both constitutions preserved Nigeria’s federal structure, comprising several regions with a central government that held authority over national matters.
2. Bicameral Legislature: The 1960 and 1963 constitutions both established a two-chamber legislature: the House of Representatives and the Senate, ensuring representation from various regions.
3. Separation of Powers: Both constitutions maintained the principle of separation of powers, providing checks and balances between the executive, legislative, and judicial arms of government.
4. Protection of Fundamental Rights: The right to life, liberty, and freedom of expression were safeguarded under both constitutions.

Achievements of the 1960 Constitution:

1. Nigeria’s Full Independence: The most significant achievement of the 1960 Constitution was Nigeria’s full independence from British colonial rule, ending British political influence in the country.
2. Establishment of Democratic Institutions: It laid the foundation for the creation of democratic institutions, such as the federal legislature and the executive, with increased Nigerian participation in governance.

Weaknesses of the 1960 Constitution:

1. Limited Power for Nigerians: While the constitution granted Nigeria independence, the British monarch, represented by the Governor-General, still held significant power in areas like foreign affairs and defense.
2. Lack of National Integration: The regional divisions among the North, South, and West were not fully reconciled, and ethnic and regional rivalries continued to plague Nigerian politics.

2. The 1963 Republican Constitution

Key Features of the 1963 Constitution:

1. Nigeria Becomes a Republic: The 1963 Constitution marked Nigeria’s transition from a constitutional monarchy to a republic. The Governor-General was replaced by a ceremonial President, making Nigeria a full republic. The President was elected by the National Assembly and held no real executive powers.
2. Bicameral Legislature: Similar to the 1960 Constitution, the 1963 Constitution maintained the bicameral structure of the legislature, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
3. Increased Nigerian Control over Governance: The 1963 Constitution provided for greater control by Nigerian leaders over all aspects of government, with no British interference.
4. Creation of the Office of the President: The President became the ceremonial head of state, while the Prime Minister continued to head the executive branch and was the head of government.
5. Reorganization of Regions: The Western Region split into two parts, resulting in the creation of the Mid-Western Region. This increased the number of regions from three to four.
6. Full Protection of Fundamental Rights: The 1963 Constitution reaffirmed the protection of basic human rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech and religion.

Differences Between the 1960 and 1963 Constitutions:

1. Transition from Monarchy to Republic: The 1960 Constitution had Nigeria as a constitutional monarchy with the British Queen as the head of state, whereas the 1963 Constitution made Nigeria a republic with a President as the head of state.
2. Head of State: Under the 1960 Constitution, the Governor-General represented the British monarch, but in the 1963 Constitution, this role was replaced by an elected President, who was a ceremonial figurehead.
3. Reorganization of Regions: The 1963 Constitution reorganized the regions, adding the Mid-Western Region, whereas the 1960 Constitution had only three regions: Northern, Western, and Eastern.
4. Removal of British Influence: The 1960 Constitution still had significant British influence through the Governor-General, but the 1963 Constitution eliminated this by introducing full self-rule, with Nigerians in control of all aspects of governance.

Achievements of the 1963 Constitution:

1. Nigeria Becomes a Republic: The transition to a republic was a major achievement, symbolizing Nigeria’s full sovereignty and control over its affairs.
2. Elimination of British Monarchy: The removal of the Governor-General and the replacement of the monarch with a Nigerian President was a key move towards independence and self-governance.

Weaknesses of the 1963 Constitution:

1. Regionalism and Ethnic Tensions: Despite the creation of a republic, the regional and ethnic tensions persisted, as evidenced by the challenges Nigeria faced in terms of national unity.
2. Centralization of Power in the Executive: The continued prominence of the executive, particularly the office of the Prime Minister, meant that there was still a concentration of power in the central government, which created political instability.

Reading Assignment:

Research and summarize the differences between a constitutional monarchy and a republic, using the 1960 and 1963 Nigerian constitutions as examples. Investigate the role of the President in a republic and compare it with the Governor-General’s role in a monarchy.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What are the main differences between the 1960 and 1963 Nigerian constitutions?
2. How did the 1963 Constitution affect Nigeria’s political structure and governance?
3. What were the achievements and weaknesses of the 1960 Constitution?
4. Explain the significance of Nigeria becoming a republic in 1963.

Topic: Independence and Post-Independence Constitution (1979 & 1983): 2nd Republic

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Explain the origin and features of the 1979 and 1983 constitutions.
2. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the two constitutions.
3. Discuss the parts of the 1979 constitution requiring review.
4. Outline the differences between the 1963 and 1979 constitutions.

1. The 1979 Constitution: Origin and Features

Origin of the 1979 Constitution:

The 1979 Constitution was established to guide Nigeria’s political system during the Second Republic. Following years of military rule, particularly after the civil war and the aftermath of military regimes, Nigeria returned to democratic governance under this constitution. It was drafted by the 1977–78 Constituent Assembly, which was set up by General Olusegun Obasanjo’s military government (after the 1975 coup), and it was intended to create a more stable, democratic environment.

Key Features of the 1979 Constitution:

1. Presidential System of Government: The 1979 Constitution established a presidential system, modeled after that of the United States. The President is both the head of state and government, holding significant executive powers.
2. Bicameral National Assembly: Similar to the 1960 and 1963 constitutions, the 1979 Constitution established a bicameral legislature. The National Assembly consisted of the Senate (with 95 members) and the House of Representatives (with 450 members), which provided representation for different regions and states.
3. Independent Judiciary: It maintained an independent judiciary that was separate from the executive and legislative arms of government, ensuring that the rule of law could be upheld and disputes could be impartially judged.
4. Federal System of Government: Nigeria’s federal structure remained intact, with 19 states at the time, which replaced the earlier regional divisions. This allowed for a balance of power between the central government and individual states.
5. Universal Suffrage and Free Elections: The 1979 Constitution allowed for universal suffrage, meaning that all Nigerian citizens aged 18 and above had the right to vote in elections. It also ensured that elections were free and fair, with provisions for conducting regular, transparent elections.
6. Separation of Powers: It enshrined the separation of powers principle, ensuring checks and balances between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Strengths of the 1979 Constitution:

1. Promotion of Democracy: It restored democratic governance to Nigeria after years of military rule, allowing for the peaceful transfer of power through elections.
2. Decentralization of Power: The creation of 19 states ensured better distribution of political power across the country, reducing the dominance of any one region.
3. Clear Separation of Powers: The 1979 Constitution’s clear separation of powers helped to establish a system of checks and balances, preventing the over-concentration of power in any one branch of government.

Weaknesses of the 1979 Constitution:

1. Over-centralization of Power in the Executive: Although the constitution provided for a separation of powers, the executive branch, particularly the office of the president, held significant authority, which led to an imbalance in power and centralized decision-making.
2. Problems of Election Integrity: Despite the provisions for free elections, the elections of 1983 were marred by widespread electoral fraud, undermining the legitimacy of the political system.

2. The 1983 Constitution: Origin and Features

Origin of the 1983 Constitution:

The 1983 Constitution was a continuation of the 1979 Constitution but became obsolete after the military coup of December 31, 1983, which ousted the civilian government led by Shehu Shagari. The 1983 Constitution was quickly suspended, and military rule was re-established by Major General Muhammadu Buhari.

While there was no direct amendment of the 1979 Constitution to form the 1983 Constitution, the political framework under the military regime aimed to establish a more centralized governance system with fewer checks on military authority.

Key Features of the 1983 Constitution:

1. Military Rule Supersedes Civilian Government: Following the coup in December 1983, the civilian government established under the 1979 Constitution was dissolved. The 1983 Constitution was essentially a reversion to military rule under General Muhammadu Buhari, who suspended the democratic provisions of the 1979 Constitution.
2. Suspension of Democratic Rights: The military regime suspended democratic rights, including freedom of speech, assembly, and the press. The military government ruled with full executive power, bypassing the legislative and judicial branches.
3. Return to Centralized Power: The 1983 regime reduced the federal structure, which became more centralized under military rule, with military governors appointed to run states directly.

Strengths of the 1983 Constitution:

1. Restoration of Order: The military regime was seen as restoring order after the political chaos of the 1979–1983 civilian government, which was affected by corruption, inefficiency, and election manipulation.

Weaknesses of the 1983 Constitution:

1. Suspension of Democracy: The major weakness of the 1983 Constitution was the suspension of democratic governance. The return of military rule led to the undermining of civilian political institutions and rights.
2. Centralized Military Control: The military government concentrated power in the hands of a few individuals, reducing transparency and accountability in governance.

3. Review of the 1979 Constitution: Areas Requiring Attention

Several aspects of the 1979 Constitution were seen as problematic and required review, such as:

1. Executive Overreach: The significant powers vested in the president and the concentration of power in the executive branch were seen as one of the main weaknesses of the 1979 Constitution.
2. Election Integrity Issues: The electoral system needed reforms to address issues of corruption and malpractice during elections, ensuring greater transparency and fairness.
3. Over-representation in the National Assembly: The large number of representatives in both the House of Representatives and the Senate was viewed as overly cumbersome, leading to inefficiency in the legislative process.

4. Differences Between the 1963 and 1979 Constitutions

1. Type of Government: The 1963 Constitution established Nigeria as a Republic with a ceremonial president, whereas the 1979 Constitution created a presidential system of government with a more powerful, elected president.
2. Structure of Government: The 1963 Constitution was based on a parliamentary system of government, while the 1979 Constitution adopted a presidential system, where the president serves as both head of state and government.
3. Federal System: The 1963 Constitution established a federal system with three regions, while the 1979 Constitution created 19 states, which resulted in a more decentralized system of government.

Reading Assignment:

Research the development of Nigeria’s political system from the First Republic (1960–1966) to the Second Republic (1979–1983). Summarize the political challenges faced in each period and how they were addressed by the respective constitutions.

Evaluation Questions:

1. Compare the features of the 1979 and 1983 constitutions, highlighting the differences between the two.
2. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the 1979 Constitution.
3. Discuss the major weaknesses of the 1983 constitution and the impact of military rule.
4. Which parts of the 1979 Constitution require review, and why?

Topic: Independence and Post-Independence Constitution (1999): 3rd Republic

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Outline the major features of the 1999 Constitution.
2. Discuss the procedure for amending the 1999 Constitution.
3. Identify the key parts of the 1999 Constitution.
4. Justify the need for the review of the 1999 Constitution.
5. Outline the process of lawmaking in the State House of Assembly and the National Assembly.

1. Major Features of the 1999 Constitution

The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria marks the beginning of the Third Republic. It was introduced after Nigeria’s military government, led by General Sani Abacha, handed over power to a civilian government under Olusegun Obasanjo on May 29, 1999. It was designed to restore democratic governance and lay down the principles that would guide Nigeria’s political, social, and economic landscape.

Key Features of the 1999 Constitution:

1. Federal System of Government: Nigeria’s federal structure was retained, ensuring a distribution of powers between the federal government and the 36 states. This system allows for regional autonomy while ensuring national unity.
2. Presidential System: The 1999 Constitution adopted a presidential system of government where the president is both the head of state and head of government, directly elected by the people, unlike the parliamentary system used previously.
3. Bicameral National Assembly: The constitution established a bicameral National Assembly, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives. This structure was designed to ensure fair representation of the people across Nigeria’s diverse regions and states.
   • The Senate is made up of 109 senators.
   • The House of Representatives comprises 360 members, ensuring proportional representation based on population.
4. Independent Judiciary: An independent judiciary was emphasized, with the Supreme Court of Nigeria at its apex. The judiciary is separated from the executive and legislative arms, ensuring the rule of law and fairness in governance.
5. Fundamental Rights: The constitution guarantees fundamental human rights, including the right to life, personal liberty, and freedom of expression. It protects individuals from unfair treatment, including torture and unlawful detention.
6. Separation of Powers: The separation of powers is a key feature of the 1999 Constitution. It divides the government into three distinct branches: the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. Each branch has separate responsibilities and functions, ensuring no single branch becomes too powerful.
7. Local Government Autonomy: The constitution grants local governments autonomy to manage affairs at the grassroots level. Local governments are empowered to make laws and manage resources within their territories, subject to national regulations.
8. National Security and Police Powers: The 1999 Constitution provides for a national police force, which is responsible for maintaining law and order throughout Nigeria. It also outlines the responsibilities of armed forces for national defense and protection against external threats.

2. The Procedure of the 1999 Constitution

The 1999 Constitution was drafted during a transitional period after the end of military rule, primarily by the government led by General Abdulsalami Abubakar. The constitution was adopted as the supreme law of the land to regulate the functioning of the government and the rights of citizens.

Key Steps in the Adoption and Procedure:

1. Constituent Assembly: The 1999 Constitution was drafted by a Constitutional Conference set up by the military government of General Abubakar. Representatives from various sectors of Nigerian society participated in the discussions and drafting process.
2. Approval by Military Government: Once the draft constitution was completed, it was approved by the military government and ratified through a referendum by the people of Nigeria. This transition from military to civilian rule was part of the plan for returning to democracy.
3. Inauguration of Civilian Government: The constitution came into force on May 29, 1999, when Olusegun Obasanjo was sworn in as the civilian president. This marked the end of military rule and the beginning of the Third Republic.

3. Parts of the 1999 Constitution

The 1999 Constitution is structured to provide a comprehensive framework for governance. The key parts of the constitution include:

1. Part 1: The Federal Republic of Nigeria: This part outlines the political structure of Nigeria, including the establishment of the federal system and the definition of the boundaries of Nigeria.
2. Part 2: Fundamental Rights: This section guarantees the rights and freedoms of Nigerian citizens, including protection from discrimination and safeguarding personal liberties.
3. Part 3: The Legislature: It defines the functions and powers of the National Assembly, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
4. Part 4: The Executive: This part outlines the powers and functions of the President and the Vice President. It also establishes the Federal Executive Council (Cabinet), which consists of the President, Vice President, and appointed ministers.
5. Part 5: The Judiciary: This section focuses on the judicial system, establishing the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and other federal courts. It outlines the judicial process and the responsibilities of judges and judicial officers.
6. Part 6: Finance and Revenue: This section deals with the financial powers of the federal and state governments, the allocation of resources, and the collection of taxes.
7. Part 7: Local Government: The constitution discusses the role and functions of local governments and outlines the principles for local government autonomy and governance.
8. Part 8: The Armed Forces and Police: It defines the roles and responsibilities of the armed forces and the national police in maintaining national security and law enforcement.

4. Need for the Review of the 1999 Constitution

Despite being a comprehensive framework, the 1999 Constitution has faced criticism and calls for review, particularly due to certain aspects that reflect the conditions of the military regime under which it was drafted.

Reasons for Review:

1. Imbalance in Power Distribution: Critics argue that there is an imbalance in the distribution of power, particularly the overwhelming power of the executive. This centralization of power in the office of the president has led to concerns about excessive control over the state apparatus.
2. Inadequate Representation of Minorities: Some regions and minority groups feel that they are inadequately represented in governance, despite the constitutional provisions for federalism.
3. Lack of Local Government Autonomy: Local governments often rely heavily on federal allocations, which has led to calls for greater autonomy for local governments, allowing them more control over their finances and functions.
4. Electoral Reform Needs: There are also calls for a review of the electoral system to ensure fair and transparent elections, including reforms to improve electoral credibility and reduce corruption.
5. National Integration and Unity: There is a need to revise the constitution to foster greater national unity and strengthen the democratic process for peace and stability across the diverse Nigerian population.

5. The Process of Lawmaking in Nigeria’s National and State Assemblies

Laws in Nigeria are made through a legislative process involving both the National Assembly (at the federal level) and the State Houses of Assembly (at the state level).

National Assembly Lawmaking Process:

1. Introduction of Bills: A bill is introduced by a member of the National Assembly (either a senator or a representative), or by the executive branch.
2. First and Second Readings: The bill is read for the first time to the lawmakers and then debated in the second reading, where members can discuss its merits and propose changes.
3. Committee Stage: The bill is then referred to a committee, where it is thoroughly scrutinized, and amendments are made.
4. Third Reading and Approval: After the committee review, the bill returns to the full National Assembly for the third reading. If approved, it moves to the other chamber (House or Senate).
5. Presidential Assent: Once both chambers pass the bill, it is sent to the President for assent. If signed, the bill becomes law.

State Assembly Lawmaking Process:

• The lawmaking process at the state level follows a similar procedure, with state legislators introducing and debating bills, followed by committee reviews and final approval by the Governor.

Reading Assignment:

Research the legislative process in your state and federal National Assembly. Summarize a bill that was recently passed and discuss its journey through the lawmaking process.

Evaluation Questions:

1. Outline the major features of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria.
2. Explain the procedure for amending the 1999 Constitution.
3. Discuss why a review of the 1999 Constitution is necessary.
4. Identify the key differences between the 1999 Constitution and previous constitutions.
5. Explain the process of lawmaking in both the State House of Assembly and National Assembly.