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SSS 1 English Language Lesson Notes for Second Term

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SSS 2 English Language Lesson Note for Second Term

Welcome to the Second Term English Language lessons for SSS 1! This term will focus on expanding your understanding and mastery of key language skills. We will cover grammar, vocabulary, speech work, and composition, providing you with the tools to communicate more effectively in both written and spoken English.

Throughout the term, you will enhance your ability to:

  • Recognize and use prefixes and suffixes to improve vocabulary.
  • Identify and apply prepositions and prepositional phrases in sentences.
  • Understand tenses and use them accurately in both speech and writing.
  • Develop your pronunciation skills, particularly stress, intonation, and consonant clusters.
  • Learn how to write formal letters and argumentative essays.
  • Master the usage of punctuation marks and expand your vocabulary with words related to various fields like sports, photography, and transportation.

By the end of this term, you will be equipped with the essential language skills that will not only boost your academic performance but also enhance your confidence in real-life communication situations.

Let’s embark on this exciting journey to improve your command of English language skills and build a strong foundation for the future!

Topic: Revision and Grammar – Prefix and Suffix

Prefixes and suffixes are essential parts of English grammar. They are affixes added to the beginning or end of a root word to create new words or change the meaning of existing ones. This lesson will guide students in understanding prefixes and suffixes, their usage, and how they enhance vocabulary.

1. Prefix

Definition

A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a root word to alter its meaning. It cannot stand alone and must be attached to a base word.

Functions of Prefixes

  1. Change the meaning of the word: A prefix can negate the meaning, show repetition, or indicate location, time, or manner.
  2. Modify the word’s context: By adding prefixes, words can adapt to fit specific grammatical or contextual needs.

Examples of Prefixes

  • Un-: Used to show negation (e.g., happy → unhappy).
  • Re-: Indicates repetition (e.g., write → rewrite).
  • Dis-: Denotes reversal or negation (e.g., agree → disagree).
  • Pre-: Refers to “before” (e.g., view → preview).
  • Mis-: Indicates wrong action (e.g., spell → misspell).

Examples in Sentences

  1. The teacher asked us to rewrite the essay.
  2. She felt unhappy about the results.
  3. He had to disagree with the proposal.
  4. We should preview the movie trailer.

Reading Assignment for Prefix

  • Study pages 45-50 of your textbook on prefixes.
  • Research 10 additional prefixes and their meanings using a dictionary.

Evaluation Questions on Prefix

  1. Define a prefix and give three examples.
  2. Write sentences using the prefixes: “re-,” “un-,” and “pre-.”
  3. Identify the prefix in the following words: misplace, disagree, preview.

2. Suffix

Definition

A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a root word to change its meaning, form, or grammatical function.

Functions of Suffixes

  1. Change word class: A suffix can transform a word into a noun, adjective, verb, or adverb.
  2. Modify the meaning of a word: Some suffixes adjust the word’s sense or degree.

Examples of Suffixes

  • -er/-or: Indicates a person or thing that performs an action (e.g., teach → teacher).
  • -ful: Denotes “full of” (e.g., joy → joyful).
  • -less: Implies “without” (e.g., hope → hopeless).
  • -ness: Turns an adjective into a noun (e.g., kind → kindness).
  • -ly: Forms an adverb (e.g., quick → quickly).

Examples in Sentences

  1. The teacher explained the topic thoroughly.
  2. Her smile was joyful throughout the event.
  3. His actions were careless and caused an accident.
  4. Kindness is a virtue that we should all practice.
  5. She ran quickly to catch the bus.

Reading Assignment for Suffix

  • Review pages 51-55 of your textbook on suffixes.
  • List 10 words with suffixes and identify their root words.

Evaluation Questions on Suffix

  1. What is a suffix? Provide three examples.
  2. Write sentences using the suffixes: “-ful,” “-less,” and “-ness.”
  3. Identify the suffix in the following words: careless, teacher, quickly.

Comparison of Prefix and Suffix

Aspect Prefix Suffix
Position Added at the beginning of a word Added at the end of a word
Purpose Alters the root word’s meaning Changes meaning or grammatical role
Examples Re-, un-, dis-, mis- -er, -ful, -ness, -ly

General Reading Assignment

  • Study your dictionary to identify more words with prefixes and suffixes.
  • Practice exercises from your workbook on pages 30-35.

General Evaluation Questions

  1. Differentiate between a prefix and a suffix with examples.
  2. Write five words with prefixes and five words with suffixes.
  3. Identify the affixes in the following words: unhappiness, joyful, replay, teacher, fearless.

Topic: Grammar – Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases; Vocabulary – Antonyms

Understanding prepositions, prepositional phrases, and antonyms is essential for mastering English grammar and vocabulary. Prepositions and prepositional phrases help clarify relationships between different parts of a sentence, while antonyms expand vocabulary by teaching opposite meanings. This lesson provides a detailed breakdown with examples and practice exercises to make these concepts clear and engaging.

Part 1: Grammar – Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

What is a Preposition?

A preposition is a word used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. Prepositions often indicate direction, location, time, cause, manner, or possession.

Common Examples of Prepositions

  • Direction: to, into, onto, toward
  • Location: in, on, at, under, above
  • Time: before, after, during, since
  • Cause/Reason: because of, due to
  • Manner: with, by

Examples in Sentences

  1. The book is on the table.
  2. We traveled to the city.
  3. She arrived after the meeting.
  4. He succeeded because of his hard work.
  5. The flowers were planted with care.

What is a Prepositional Phrase?

A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun (the object of the preposition). It often provides additional details about time, place, manner, or cause.

Structure: Preposition + Modifier (optional) + Object of the Preposition

Examples of Prepositional Phrases

  1. The cat is hiding under the bed.
  2. She walked through the park.
  3. They met at the library.
  4. He drove with great care.
  5. The announcement was made during the ceremony.

Reading Assignment for Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

  • Study pages 60-65 of your textbook for a list of common prepositions and their usage.
  • Write 10 sentences containing prepositional phrases from your environment.

Evaluation Questions for Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

  1. Define a preposition and a prepositional phrase.
  2. Write five examples of prepositional phrases.
  3. Identify the prepositions in the following sentences:
    • The keys are on the counter.
    • She arrived after dinner.
    • He traveled with his friends.

Part 2: Vocabulary – Antonyms

What Are Antonyms?

Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. They help improve vocabulary and make communication more precise by providing alternatives for expressing contrast.

Examples of Antonyms

Word Antonym
Big Small
Happy Sad
Fast Slow
Strong Weak
Early Late

Types of Antonyms

  1. Gradable Antonyms: These show a spectrum or degree (e.g., hot ↔ cold, big ↔ small).
  2. Complementary Antonyms: These are absolute opposites (e.g., alive ↔ dead, win ↔ lose).
  3. Relational Antonyms: These exist in pairs where one implies the other (e.g., buy ↔ sell, parent ↔ child).

Examples in Sentences

  1. The box is big, but the basket is small.
  2. He felt happy when he won, but she looked sad.
  3. The car moved fast, but the truck was slow.
  4. His argument was strong, but her defense was weak.

How to Identify Antonyms

  1. Use a dictionary or thesaurus.
  2. Look for context clues in sentences.

Reading Assignment for Antonyms

  • Read pages 75-80 of your vocabulary workbook on antonyms.
  • Write down 20 words and their antonyms from your dictionary.

Evaluation Questions for Antonyms

  1. Define an antonym and give three examples.
  2. Write sentences showing the relationship between these antonyms: fast ↔ slow, happy ↔ sad, strong ↔ weak.
  3. Identify the antonyms in the following sentences:
    • The weather was hot yesterday, but it is cold today.
    • He is tall, while his brother is short.
    • They arrived early, but we came late.

General Reading Assignment

  • Practice exercises from pages 90-95 in your workbook on prepositions, prepositional phrases, and antonyms.
  • Use an online thesaurus to find antonyms for five new words every day.

General Evaluation Questions

  1. Explain the difference between a preposition and a prepositional phrase with examples.
  2. Write five sentences containing prepositional phrases.
  3. Define antonyms and provide five pairs of antonyms with sentences.

Topic: Speech Work – Consonant Cluster; Grammar – Tense; Composition – Formal Letter Writing

This lesson covers three essential components of English Language learning: consonant clusters in speech work, tense usage in grammar, and formal letter writing in composition. Each section is explained in detail, supported by examples, reading assignments, and evaluation questions to ensure comprehensive understanding.

1. Speech Work: Consonant Cluster

What is a Consonant Cluster?

A consonant cluster is a group of two or more consonants pronounced together in a word without a vowel separating them. Consonant clusters can occur at the beginning, middle, or end of a word.

Examples of Consonant Clusters

  1. Initial Clusters (Beginning):
    • “st” in stop
    • “tr” in train
    • “pl” in play
  2. Medial Clusters (Middle):
    • “mp” in campus
    • “nd” in understand
  3. Final Clusters (End):
    • “nk” in bank
    • “st” in best

Challenges in Pronunciation

Non-native speakers often find it difficult to pronounce consonant clusters correctly because some languages do not have them. Practicing these clusters repeatedly can improve speech clarity.

Examples in Sentences

  1. The train arrived on time.
  2. She is the best player on the team.
  3. They built a campus near the city.

Reading Assignment for Consonant Clusters

  • Read pages 12-18 of your speech workbook for additional consonant cluster examples.
  • Practice pronouncing 10 words with consonant clusters from your dictionary.

Evaluation Questions for Consonant Clusters

  1. Define a consonant cluster and provide three examples.
  2. Identify the consonant clusters in these words: trust, glimpse, friend.
  3. Write sentences using these words: plant, bench, clamp.

2. Grammar: Tense

What is Tense?

Tense refers to the time an action occurs, indicated by the form of the verb in a sentence. There are three primary tenses in English: past, present, and future. Each has subcategories.

Types of Tenses with Examples

  1. Past Tense
    • Simple Past: Used for actions completed in the past.
      Example: She visited her grandmother yesterday.
    • Past Continuous: Used for actions that were ongoing in the past.
      Example: They were playing football.
  2. Present Tense
    • Simple Present: Used for habitual actions or facts.
      Example: He reads every day.
    • Present Continuous: Used for actions happening now.
      Example: I am studying English.
  3. Future Tense
    • Simple Future: Used for actions that will happen.
      Example: She will travel tomorrow.
    • Future Continuous: Used for actions that will be ongoing in the future.
      Example: They will be waiting for us.

Importance of Tense in Grammar

Tense is crucial for clarity in communication. Misuse of tense can lead to confusion about the timing of actions.

Reading Assignment for Tenses

  • Review pages 35-42 of your grammar textbook on tenses.
  • Write five sentences each in the past, present, and future tenses.

Evaluation Questions for Tenses

  1. Define tense and list its three main categories.
  2. Write two sentences for each of the following tenses: simple past, simple present, and simple future.
  3. Correct the tense errors in these sentences:
    • She go to school yesterday.
    • I am went to the park.
    • They will playing tomorrow.

3. Composition: Formal Letter Writing

What is a Formal Letter?

A formal letter is written for official purposes, such as applying for a job, making inquiries, or lodging complaints. It follows a structured format and uses polite and professional language.

Features of a Formal Letter

  1. Sender’s Address: Positioned at the top right corner.
  2. Date: Written below the sender’s address.
  3. Recipient’s Address: Positioned on the left below the date.
  4. Salutation: A polite greeting (e.g., Dear Sir/Madam).
  5. Subject: A concise line summarizing the purpose of the letter.
  6. Body: Contains three main paragraphs:
    • Introduction: States the purpose.
    • Main Content: Provides detailed information.
    • Conclusion: Expresses gratitude and expectations.
  7. Closing: A polite phrase like “Yours faithfully.”
  8. Signature: Your name and signature.

Example of a Formal Letter

                                                                                                                                      Sender’s Address:
123 Main Street,
Lagos.

                                                                                                                                       Date:
January 17, 2025.

Recipient’s Address:
The Manager,
ABC Company,
Victoria Island, Lagos.

Salutation:
Dear Sir/Madam,

Subject: Application for the Position of Sales Representative

Body:
I am writing to apply for the position of Sales Representative at ABC Company as advertised on your website. I am confident that my skills and experience align with the requirements of the role.

I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration and have three years of experience in sales and customer service. My ability to build strong client relationships and meet sales targets makes me an excellent candidate for this position.

Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss how I can contribute to your team.

Closing:
Yours faithfully,
(Signature)
John Doe

Reading Assignment for Formal Letters

  • Study pages 50-55 of your composition textbook on letter writing.
  • Write a formal letter to your school principal requesting permission to organize a debate competition.

Evaluation Questions for Formal Letters

  1. Define a formal letter and list its features.
  2. Write a formal letter to the chairman of your local government, requesting improved sanitation in your community.
  3. Identify the errors in the following formal letter and rewrite it correctly:
    • Missing sender’s address.
    • No salutation.
    • Informal language in the body.

Topic: Speech Work – Stress; Vocabulary – Synonyms and Word Association with Sexuality

This lesson focuses on three critical aspects of English Language learning: stress patterns in speech work, synonyms for vocabulary building, and word association related to sexuality. Each topic is explained thoroughly, using examples to ensure clarity and practical application. Assignments and evaluation questions are included to reinforce learning.

1. Speech Work: Stress

What is Stress in Speech?

Stress refers to the emphasis placed on certain syllables in a word or words in a sentence during speech. Proper stress helps to convey meaning clearly and improves comprehension.

Types of Stress

  1. Word Stress: Emphasis on a particular syllable in a word.
    • Example: PREsent (noun) vs. preSENT (verb).
  2. Sentence Stress: Emphasis on specific words within a sentence to highlight meaning.
    • Example: I didn’t say he stole the money. (Someone else said it.)

Rules of Word Stress

  1. In two-syllable nouns and adjectives, stress usually falls on the first syllable.
    • Examples: TAble, CLEVer.
  2. In two-syllable verbs, stress typically falls on the second syllable.
    • Examples: reCORD, preFER.
  3. In compound words, stress often falls on the first part for nouns and adjectives and on the second part for verbs.
    • Examples: HOTdog (noun), hotDOG (verb).

Common Errors in Stress Usage

  1. Misplacing stress on the wrong syllable, which changes meaning or makes words hard to understand.
  2. Overemphasizing all syllables, leading to unnatural speech patterns.

Reading Assignment for Stress

  • Read pages 20-25 in your speech workbook for detailed stress rules.
  • Practice pronouncing 10 pairs of words where stress changes the meaning.

Evaluation Questions for Stress

  1. Define stress in speech and explain its importance.
  2. Identify the stressed syllable in the following words: record, address, desert.
  3. Write sentences that illustrate different meanings of the word present when stressed differently.

2. Vocabulary: Synonyms

What Are Synonyms?

Synonyms are words with the same or nearly the same meanings. They are useful for avoiding repetition and improving the richness of expression.

Examples of Synonyms

Word Synonyms
Happy Joyful, Cheerful
Fast Quick, Rapid
Big Large, Enormous
Smart Intelligent, Clever
Strong Powerful, Sturdy

Using Synonyms in Sentences

  1. The child looked happy (joyful) when she saw her gift.
  2. The car moved fast (quick) on the highway.
  3. He is a smart (intelligent) student who solves problems quickly.

How to Learn Synonyms

  1. Use a thesaurus to explore word alternatives.
  2. Practice replacing common words with synonyms in your writing.
  3. Create a list of new words and their synonyms daily.

Reading Assignment for Synonyms

  • Review pages 30-35 of your vocabulary textbook.
  • Write a list of 20 common words and find their synonyms using a thesaurus.

Evaluation Questions for Synonyms

  1. Define synonyms and explain their importance.
  2. Provide synonyms for the following words: beautiful, small, angry.
  3. Write sentences using these synonyms: large, intelligent, rapid.

3. Vocabulary: Words Associated with Sexuality

Understanding Words Associated with Sexuality

Sexuality-related vocabulary refers to words and terms used to discuss gender, relationships, and human biology responsibly and respectfully. These terms are often used in academic, medical, or social contexts.

Examples of Words Associated with Sexuality

  1. Gender: Male, Female, Non-binary, Transgender.
  2. Relationships: Partner, Spouse, Boyfriend, Girlfriend.
  3. Biological Terms: Puberty, Reproductive organs, Hormones.

Guidelines for Discussing Sexuality Vocabulary

  1. Use respectful and appropriate language.
  2. Avoid slang or derogatory terms.
  3. Be aware of cultural and individual sensitivities.

Examples in Sentences

  1. Puberty is a stage of growth where individuals experience physical and emotional changes.
  2. My partner and I are planning a trip.
  3. She identifies as non-binary and prefers they/them pronouns.

Reading Assignment for Words Associated with Sexuality

  • Study pages 40-45 in your health and social studies textbook.
  • Research and write down the definitions of 10 new terms related to human sexuality.

Evaluation Questions for Words Associated with Sexuality

  1. Define the term puberty and explain its significance.
  2. Write sentences using the following words: partner, male, hormones.
  3. Why is it important to use respectful language when discussing topics related to sexuality?

Topic: Grammar – Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are an essential aspect of English grammar, combining a verb with a preposition or adverb (or both) to create a unique meaning. This lesson will explore the concept of phrasal verbs, their types, usage, and examples, along with exercises and assignments to enhance understanding.

What Are Phrasal Verbs?

A phrasal verb consists of a main verb and one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs). The combination often creates a meaning different from the original verb.

Examples of Phrasal Verbs

  1. Turn off – To stop the operation of a device.
    • Example: Please turn off the lights before leaving the room.
  2. Look after – To take care of someone or something.
    • Example: She looks after her younger brother.
  3. Break down – To stop functioning or to lose control of emotions.
    • Example: The car broke down on the highway.

Types of Phrasal Verbs

  1. Transitive Phrasal Verbs: Require a direct object.
    • Example: He called off the meeting.
  2. Intransitive Phrasal Verbs: Do not require a direct object.
    • Example: The plane took off on time.
  3. Separable Phrasal Verbs: The object can come between the verb and particle.
    • Example: Turn off the radio. / Turn the radio off.
  4. Inseparable Phrasal Verbs: The object must follow the particle.
    • Example: She ran into her old friend at the mall.

Why Are Phrasal Verbs Important?

  1. Common in Everyday Speech: Native English speakers frequently use phrasal verbs in casual and formal conversations.
  2. Enhanced Communication: They add variety and expressiveness to language.
  3. Idiomatic Usage: Understanding phrasal verbs helps in comprehending idiomatic expressions.

Examples in Sentences

  1. She gave up smoking last year.
  2. We need to figure out a solution quickly.
  3. They put off the trip due to bad weather.

Tips for Learning Phrasal Verbs

  1. Study phrasal verbs in context.
  2. Group similar phrasal verbs together (e.g., phrasal verbs with “take”: take off, take up, take in).
  3. Practice using them in sentences.

Common Phrasal Verbs and Their Meanings

Phrasal Verb Meaning Example
Give up Stop doing something He gave up playing video games.
Call off Cancel They called off the wedding.
Set up Establish or arrange She set up a new business.
Run into Meet by chance I ran into my teacher at the store.
Turn down Reject She turned down the job offer.

Reading Assignment for Phrasal Verbs

  • Read pages 45-50 in your grammar textbook on phrasal verbs.
  • Make a list of 10 phrasal verbs with their meanings and write sentences for each.

Evaluation Questions for Phrasal Verbs

  1. Define phrasal verbs and list their components.
  2. Identify the phrasal verbs in these sentences and explain their meanings:
    • She looks after her siblings every evening.
    • The show was called off due to rain.
  3. Create sentences using the following phrasal verbs: break down, figure out, set up.
  4. Differentiate between transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs with examples.

Topic: Speech Work – Falling Intonation; Grammar – Will and Would; Vocabulary – Words Associated with Photography; Composition – Record Keeping

This lesson note will cover four important areas of English Language study: speech work with a focus on falling intonation, grammar usage of “will” and “would,” vocabulary related to photography, and composition on the topic of record-keeping. Each section is detailed, beginner-friendly, and contains examples, assignments, and evaluation questions to deepen understanding.

1. Speech Work: Falling Intonation

What is Falling Intonation?

Falling intonation occurs when the voice pitch decreases at the end of a sentence or phrase. It is commonly used to convey certainty, completeness, or finality.

When Do We Use Falling Intonation?

  1. Statements of Fact:
    • Example: She lives in Lagos.
  2. Commands:
    • Example: Close the door.
  3. Wh-Questions:
    • Example: Where are you going?
  4. Exclamations:
    • Example: What a beautiful view!

Examples in Sentences

  1. The sun rises in the east.
  2. Please sit down.
  3. Why are you late?
  4. That’s amazing!

Importance of Falling Intonation

  • It helps convey clarity and proper meaning in communication.
  • It avoids confusion in statements and commands.

Reading Assignment for Falling Intonation

  • Study the use of intonation patterns on pages 15-20 of your speech workbook.
  • Practice reading 10 sentences aloud, focusing on falling intonation.

Evaluation Questions for Falling Intonation

  1. Define falling intonation and provide examples of its use.
  2. Write three sentences that require falling intonation.
  3. Identify where falling intonation is used in this sentence: “What time is the meeting?”

2. Grammar: Will and Would

Usage of “Will”

  1. Express Future Actions:
    • Example: I will call you tomorrow.
  2. Make Promises or Offers:
    • Example: I will help you with your homework.
  3. Express Determination:
    • Example: I will succeed no matter what.

Usage of “Would”

  1. Polite Requests or Offers:
    • Example: Would you like some tea?
  2. Hypothetical Situations:
    • Example: If I were rich, I would travel the world.
  3. Past Habits:
    • Example: When we were kids, we would play outside every evening.

Differences Between Will and Would

Aspect Will Would
Time Refers to future actions. Refers to hypothetical or past situations.
Politeness Less formal. More polite and formal.
Example I will go to the market. I would go if I had time.

Reading Assignment for Will and Would

  • Read Chapter 3 in your grammar textbook on modal verbs.
  • Write five sentences each using “will” and “would.”

Evaluation Questions for Will and Would

  1. Write three sentences using “will” to express future actions.
  2. Differentiate between “will” and “would” with examples.
  3. Rewrite the following sentences using “would”:
    • I will help you tomorrow.
    • She will visit if she has time.

3. Vocabulary: Words Associated with Photography

Common Photography Terms

  1. Aperture: The opening in a camera lens that lets in light.
    • Example: A wide aperture lets in more light.
  2. Shutter Speed: The length of time a camera’s shutter is open.
    • Example: Use a fast shutter speed to capture motion.
  3. Lens: A curved piece of glass or plastic used to focus light.
    • Example: This lens is perfect for portraits.
  4. Exposure: The amount of light that reaches the camera sensor.
    • Example: Adjust exposure to avoid overly bright photos.
  5. Focus: The clarity of the subject in the photograph.
    • Example: The subject is out of focus.

Examples in Sentences

  1. The photographer adjusted the aperture for the perfect shot.
  2. A slow shutter speed is ideal for capturing light trails.
  3. The camera lens needs to be cleaned.

Reading Assignment for Photography Vocabulary

  • Research 10 additional photography terms and their meanings.
  • Study pages 10-15 of your vocabulary workbook.

Evaluation Questions for Photography Vocabulary

  1. Define the following terms: aperture, lens, shutter speed.
  2. Use the words “exposure” and “focus” in sentences.
  3. List five tools or features associated with photography.

4. Composition: Record Keeping

What is Record Keeping?

Record keeping is the process of maintaining accurate and organized information or data for reference and future use.

Types of Records

  1. Personal Records: Birth certificates, medical records.
  2. Financial Records: Receipts, bank statements.
  3. Educational Records: Report cards, certificates.

Importance of Record Keeping

  1. Organization: Keeps information systematic and accessible.
  2. Accountability: Provides evidence and tracks progress.
  3. Decision Making: Helps in making informed choices.

Steps in Record Keeping

  1. Identify what needs to be recorded.
  2. Organize records chronologically or categorically.
  3. Use tools like files, spreadsheets, or apps for proper storage.

Reading Assignment for Record Keeping

  • Read Chapter 5 in your composition textbook.
  • Write a paragraph on why record keeping is important in daily life.

Evaluation Questions for Record Keeping

  1. Define record keeping and list its importance.
  2. What are the different types of records? Provide examples.
  3. Write five steps involved in maintaining effective records.

Topic: Speech Work – Rising and Falling Intonation; Vocabulary – Words Associated with Sports

This lesson explores two key aspects of English language learning: rising and falling intonation in speech work and vocabulary related to sports. Students will learn how intonation affects meaning and emotion in spoken English, as well as essential sports-related vocabulary to enhance their language proficiency.

1. Speech Work: Rising and Falling Intonation

What is Intonation?

Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch when speaking. It plays a crucial role in communication by helping to convey meaning, emotions, and emphasis.

Types of Intonation

  1. Rising Intonation
    • The pitch of the voice rises at the end of the sentence or phrase.
    • Commonly used in:
      a. Yes/No Questions:

      • Example: Are you coming tonight?
        b. Unfinished Thoughts:
      • Example: If it rains, we might cancel the trip.
        c. Uncertainty or Doubt:
      • Example: I think it’s the right choice?
  2. Falling Intonation
    • The pitch of the voice falls at the end of the sentence or phrase.
    • Commonly used in:
      a. Statements of Fact:

      • Example: The sun sets in the west.
        b. Commands:
      • Example: Close the door.
        c. Wh-Questions:
      • Example: Where are you going?
        d. Exclamations:
      • Example: What a wonderful day!

Examples of Rising and Falling Intonation in Sentences

  1. Rising:
    • Is this your pen? (Yes/No Question)
    • We could go to the park, or maybe to the beach? (Uncertainty)
  2. Falling:
    • He lives in Abuja. (Statement)
    • Why are you so late? (Wh-Question)

Importance of Intonation

  • Clarity: Intonation helps to distinguish between different sentence types (questions, commands, etc.).
  • Expression: It conveys the speaker’s emotions and intent.
  • Engagement: Makes speech more engaging and natural.

Reading Assignment for Intonation

  • Read pages 12-16 of your speech work textbook.
  • Practice reading the dialogue on page 18, focusing on correct intonation.

Evaluation Questions for Intonation

  1. Define rising and falling intonation with examples.
  2. Identify whether the following sentences use rising or falling intonation:
    • Did you enjoy the movie?
    • The meeting starts at 10 a.m.
  3. Write three sentences each that use rising and falling intonation.

2. Vocabulary: Words Associated with Sports

Common Words and Their Meanings

  1. Athlete: A person trained in sports or physical activities.
    • Example: The athlete won a gold medal in the Olympics.
  2. Referee: An official who enforces the rules in a game.
    • Example: The referee blew the whistle to start the match.
  3. Pitch: A playing field for sports like football or cricket.
    • Example: The players walked onto the pitch.
  4. Goalkeeper: The player who defends the goal in sports like football.
    • Example: The goalkeeper made an incredible save.
  5. Dribble: To move a ball by bouncing or kicking it.
    • Example: She dribbled past three defenders to score.
  6. Hurdles: A race where runners jump over obstacles.
    • Example: He specializes in the 100-meter hurdles.
  7. Sprint: A short-distance race at maximum speed.
    • Example: The sprinter won the 200-meter race.
  8. Foul: An action that breaks the rules of the game.
    • Example: The player received a yellow card for a foul.

Examples in Sentences

  1. The athlete trained hard for the marathon.
  2. The referee declared a penalty.
  3. The goalkeeper stopped the ball from entering the net.

Importance of Sports Vocabulary

  • Enhances comprehension and expression when discussing sports.
  • Useful in both written and spoken communication.

Reading Assignment for Sports Vocabulary

  • Research 10 additional sports-related terms and their definitions.
  • Write a paragraph using at least five of these terms.

Evaluation Questions for Sports Vocabulary

  1. Define the following terms: athlete, referee, goalkeeper.
  2. Use the words “dribble” and “sprint” in sentences.
  3. List five sports-related terms and explain their meanings.

Topic: Grammar – Shall and Should; Vocabulary – Words Associated with Transportation; Composition – Speech Writing

In this lesson, we will explore the grammatical uses of “shall” and “should,” enrich our vocabulary with words associated with transportation, and learn the essential skills of speech writing. Each section provides detailed explanations, examples, and practical exercises to ensure understanding.

1. Grammar: Shall and Should

What Are “Shall” and “Should”?

“Shall” and “should” are modal verbs that express different shades of meaning in English. While “shall” is primarily used to indicate future actions or obligations, “should” conveys advice, recommendations, or expectations.

Uses of “Shall”

  1. Expressing Future Actions (Formal Contexts):
    • Example: I shall meet you at the park tomorrow.
  2. Offering or Suggesting:
    • Example: Shall we go for a walk?
  3. Indicating Strong Determination:
    • Example: We shall overcome this challenge.
  4. Legal or Formal Obligations:
    • Example: Candidates shall report to the examination center at 9 a.m.

Uses of “Should”

  1. Giving Advice or Recommendations:
    • Example: You should drink more water.
  2. Expressing Expectations:
    • Example: The train should arrive by 5 p.m.
  3. Indicating Possibility or Likelihood:
    • Example: She should be at home now.
  4. Conditional Statements:
    • Example: If he calls, you should answer politely.

Key Differences Between “Shall” and “Should”

Aspect Shall Should
Context Formal, future-oriented. Advice, recommendations, expectations.
Example We shall attend the meeting. You should prepare for the test.

Examples in Sentences

  1. Shall:
    • I shall submit the report by noon.
    • Shall we start the presentation?
  2. Should:
    • You should apologize for being late.
    • If it rains, you should take an umbrella.

Reading Assignment for Shall and Should

  • Read pages 22-26 in your grammar textbook.
  • Write five sentences using “shall” and five using “should.”

Evaluation Questions for Shall and Should

  1. Define “shall” and “should” with examples.
  2. Write three sentences each for:
    a. Expressing future actions using “shall.”
    b. Giving advice using “should.”
  3. Differentiate between “shall” and “should” in a sentence.

2. Vocabulary: Words Associated with Transportation

Common Transportation Terms and Their Meanings

  1. Commute: Regular travel between work and home.
    • Example: My daily commute takes 30 minutes.
  2. Conductor: A person who collects fares on public transport.
    • Example: The conductor asked for my ticket.
  3. Terminal: A station where vehicles pick up or drop off passengers.
    • Example: The bus will leave from the terminal at 8 a.m.
  4. Freight: Goods transported by trucks, trains, or ships.
    • Example: The freight arrived at the port yesterday.
  5. Passenger: A person traveling in a vehicle.
    • Example: The passenger complained about the delay.
  6. Route: The path taken by a vehicle.
    • Example: This bus follows a direct route to the city.
  7. Cargo: Goods transported for business purposes.
    • Example: The plane carried cargo to the destination.
  8. Tarmac: The paved surface where airplanes park.
    • Example: The plane is waiting on the tarmac.

Examples in Sentences

  1. The conductor handed me a ticket.
  2. Freight trains are used to transport heavy cargo.
  3. The bus follows a scenic route through the countryside.

Reading Assignment for Transportation Vocabulary

  • Research 10 additional transportation terms and their meanings.
  • Write a short paragraph using at least five of the words learned.

Evaluation Questions for Transportation Vocabulary

  1. Define the following terms: commute, freight, passenger.
  2. Use the words “route” and “cargo” in sentences.
  3. List five words associated with transportation and explain their meanings.

3. Composition: Speech Writing

What is Speech Writing?

Speech writing involves preparing a written text that will be delivered orally to an audience. A well-written speech is clear, engaging, and tailored to its purpose and audience.

Steps in Writing a Speech

  1. Understand the Purpose:
    • Ask: Is the speech informative, persuasive, or entertaining?
  2. Identify the Audience:
    • Tailor the tone, language, and content to suit the listeners.
  3. Structure the Speech:
    • Introduction: Begin with a greeting, introduction of the topic, and a hook to capture attention.
    • Body: Develop the main points logically with examples and evidence.
    • Conclusion: Summarize the main points and leave the audience with a memorable statement or call to action.

Features of a Good Speech

  • Clarity: Use simple and precise language.
  • Engagement: Include rhetorical questions and anecdotes.
  • Conciseness: Avoid unnecessary details.
  • Relevance: Address the audience’s interests and needs.

Sample Outline for a Speech

Topic: The Importance of Education

  1. Introduction:
    • Greeting: “Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.”
    • Hook: “Education is the key to unlocking a brighter future.”
    • Overview: Discuss the benefits of education.
  2. Body:
    • Point 1: Education empowers individuals.
    • Point 2: Education fosters economic growth.
    • Point 3: Education promotes equality and peace.
  3. Conclusion:
    • Summary: Highlight the importance of education.
    • Memorable Ending: “Together, let’s build a world where education is a right, not a privilege.”

Reading Assignment for Speech Writing

  • Read Chapter 7 of your composition textbook.
  • Write a short speech on “The Role of Youth in Nation-Building.”

Evaluation Questions for Speech Writing

  1. Define speech writing and explain its purpose.
  2. Write an outline for a speech on the topic: “Climate Change and Its Effects.”
  3. What are the three main parts of a speech? Explain their functions.

Topic: Speech Work – Contrasting Consonants; Grammar – Punctuation Marks; Composition – Argumentative Essay

This lesson explores three key areas in English Language studies: contrasting consonants in speech work, the proper use of punctuation marks in grammar, and the skills needed to write an effective argumentative essay. Each section is designed to build foundational language skills and foster clear, effective communication.

1. Speech Work: Contrasting Consonants

What are Contrasting Consonants?

Contrasting consonants are pairs of consonant sounds that differ by one or more phonetic features such as voicing, place of articulation, or manner of articulation. These contrasts are important for pronunciation and meaning in English.

Types of Consonant Contrasts

  1. Voiced and Voiceless Consonants
    • Voiced: Produced with vibration of the vocal cords.
      • Example: /b/, /d/, /g/
    • Voiceless: Produced without vibration of the vocal cords.
      • Example: /p/, /t/, /k/

    Examples in Words:

    • /b/ and /p/: bat vs. pat
    • /d/ and /t/: dog vs. top
  2. Place of Articulation
    • Sounds are produced in different parts of the mouth.
      • Example: /k/ (back of the mouth) vs. /t/ (front of the mouth)
    • Examples in Words: cat vs. tap
  3. Manner of Articulation
    • This refers to how airflow is modified.
      • Example: Fricatives like /f/ (as in fan) vs. stops like /b/ (as in ban).

Examples of Common Consonant Contrasts

Contrast Example Words
/f/ vs. /v/ fan, van
/s/ vs. /z/ seal, zeal
/ʃ/ vs. /tʃ/ ship, chip

Reading Assignment for Contrasting Consonants

  • Read pages 15–20 of your phonetics workbook.
  • Practice saying words that contrast in voicing, place, and manner of articulation.

Evaluation Questions for Contrasting Consonants

  1. Define contrasting consonants and give two examples.
  2. Differentiate between voiced and voiceless consonants.
  3. Provide three pairs of words illustrating consonant contrasts.

2. Grammar: Punctuation Marks

What are Punctuation Marks?

Punctuation marks are symbols used in writing to organize text, clarify meaning, and indicate pauses or stops. Correct punctuation ensures clear communication.

Common Punctuation Marks and Their Uses

  1. Period (.)
    • Ends a sentence.
      • Example: The sun is shining.
  2. Comma (,)
    • Separates elements in a list or clauses in a sentence.
      • Example: I bought apples, oranges, and bananas.
  3. Question Mark (?)
    • Indicates a direct question.
      • Example: What is your name?
  4. Exclamation Mark (!)
    • Shows strong emotion or emphasis.
      • Example: Wow! That’s amazing!
  5. Apostrophe (‘)
    • Shows possession or contraction.
      • Example: The girl’s book, It’s raining.
  6. Quotation Marks (“ ”)
    • Encloses direct speech or quotations.
      • Example: He said, “I am happy.”
  7. Colon (:)
    • Introduces a list or explanation.
      • Example: She has three hobbies: reading, swimming, and dancing.
  8. Semicolon (;)
    • Connects closely related independent clauses.
      • Example: I love to read; it’s my favorite hobby.

Reading Assignment for Punctuation Marks

  • Study the rules for using punctuation marks in your grammar textbook, pages 30–35.
  • Practice writing five sentences using at least three different punctuation marks.

Evaluation Questions for Punctuation Marks

  1. Define punctuation marks and explain their importance.
  2. Write a sentence using a colon and a semicolon.
  3. Identify and correct the punctuation errors in the following sentence:
    • “Its a sunny day lets go outside”

3. Composition: Argumentative Essay

What is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is a type of writing that presents a clear position on a topic, supports it with evidence, and aims to persuade the reader to agree with the writer’s viewpoint.

Structure of an Argumentative Essay

  1. Introduction:
    • Introduce the topic and state your position.
    • Example: “The debate over whether students should wear uniforms has divided opinions. I strongly believe that school uniforms are essential for discipline and equality.”
  2. Body Paragraphs:
    • Point 1: Present a strong argument with evidence.
      • Example: “Uniforms reduce distractions, allowing students to focus on academics.”
    • Point 2: Acknowledge opposing views and refute them.
      • Example: “Some argue that uniforms suppress individuality, but students can express themselves through other means.”
  3. Conclusion:
    • Summarize key points and reinforce your position.
    • Example: “In conclusion, school uniforms foster equality, discipline, and focus, making them a necessary part of education.”

Steps to Write an Argumentative Essay

  1. Choose a clear topic.
  2. Research both sides of the argument.
  3. Outline your essay with logical points.
  4. Use evidence to support your claims.
  5. Edit and proofread for clarity.

Reading Assignment for Argumentative Essays

  • Read pages 40–45 of your composition guide.
  • Choose a topic and write a draft of an argumentative essay.

Evaluation Questions for Argumentative Essays

  1. What is an argumentative essay?
  2. Outline an essay on the topic: “Technology has made life better.”
  3. Write a paragraph presenting an argument for or against compulsory sports in schools.

Topic: Grammar – Punctuation Marks Continued; Spelling – Homophones

This lesson continues our exploration of key areas in English language studies: punctuation marks and homophones. By mastering punctuation marks, you will ensure clarity and accuracy in your writing. Similarly, understanding homophones will help you avoid common spelling errors and improve your written communication. Let’s delve into these topics to enhance your English skills.

1. Grammar: Punctuation Marks Continued

What Are Punctuation Marks?

Punctuation marks are symbols used to structure and organize writing, making it easier to understand. In this section, we will discuss some additional punctuation marks and their uses.

Key Punctuation Marks and Their Usage

  1. Parentheses ( )
    • Used to add extra information or clarification to a sentence without disrupting the flow.
      • Example: I visited the museum (which was built in 1902) yesterday.
  2. Dash (—)
    • A dash is used to indicate a sudden change in thought, or to set off a list or parenthetical information for emphasis.
      • Example: I have a meeting at 3 p.m.—right after lunch.
  3. Ellipsis (…)
    • An ellipsis is used to indicate an unfinished thought or a pause in speech. It can also be used to show omitted text in a quotation.
      • Example: “I was thinking… maybe we could try something new.”
  4. Hyphen (-)
    • A hyphen is used to join words or parts of words together. This is common in compound adjectives or to break a word at the end of a line.
      • Example: She is a well-known author.
      • Example: The football game was great—long, but exciting.
  5. Quotation Marks (” “)
    • Used to enclose direct speech, quotes, or phrases that need to be highlighted.
      • Example: “I will arrive at 6 p.m.,” she said.
  6. Brackets [ ]
    • Brackets are used to enclose explanatory notes or additional information within a sentence, especially in quotations.
      • Example: The president [of the company] will address the team tomorrow.

Examples of Sentences Using These Punctuation Marks:

  1. The festival starts at noon (the best time to visit).
  2. She was very happy—no, ecstatic—when she heard the news.
  3. The artist is known for her innovative work… but she prefers to remain private.
  4. The long-term effects of the policy are yet to be seen.

Reading Assignment for Punctuation Marks

  • Review pages 50–55 of your grammar textbook on punctuation.
  • Write 5 sentences using a combination of the punctuation marks discussed above.

Evaluation Questions for Punctuation Marks

  1. What is the difference between parentheses and brackets?
  2. Write a sentence using a dash and an ellipsis.
  3. Correct the punctuation in the following sentence:
    • “I went to the store (and I bought eggs, bread, and milk”.

2. Spelling: Homophones

What Are Homophones?

Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings. Understanding homophones is crucial because using the wrong one can lead to misunderstandings or incorrect writing.

Common Homophones and Their Usage

  1. There, Their, They’re
    • There refers to a place: “The book is over there.”
    • Their shows possession: “It is their book.”
    • They’re is a contraction of “they are”: “They’re going to the park.”
  2. To, Too, Two
    • To indicates direction or action: “She is going to the market.”
    • Too means also or excessively: “I want to go too.”
    • Two refers to the number: “I have two apples.”
  3. Write, Right
    • Write means to form letters or words: “I write my homework every night.”
    • Right means correct or a direction: “That’s the right answer.”
  4. Flour, Flower
    • Flour is a powder used in baking: “She used flour to make the dough.”
    • Flower is a plant: “She picked a beautiful flower.”
  5. See, Sea
    • See means to observe: “I see you over there!”
    • Sea refers to the large body of saltwater: “The sea is calm today.”
  6. Break, Brake
    • Break means to separate into pieces: “Don’t break the glass.”
    • Brake refers to stopping a vehicle: “You need to brake before the stop sign.”

Tips for Learning Homophones:

  1. Context Matters: Homophones are distinguished by their meaning, so always pay attention to the context of a sentence to choose the correct spelling.
  2. Use Mnemonics: Create memory aids to help remember the differences between homophones (e.g., “I can see the sea” to remember that “see” is for vision, and “sea” is the ocean).
  3. Practice Writing: Regularly write sentences using homophones to reinforce their correct spelling and meaning.

Reading Assignment for Homophones

  • Study pages 60–65 of your spelling workbook.
  • Write 5 sentences, each containing one set of homophones.

Evaluation Questions for Homophones

  1. What is the difference between “there” and “their”?
  2. Write three sentences using the homophones “flour” and “flower.”
  3. Correct the following sentence: “I will brake the eggs before I see the flour.”
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