SS3 Computer Science Lesson Notes for Second Term

This lesson note is designed to guide SS3 students through the core topics in Computer Science for the second term. Each topic is explained in simple language with clear examples to help beginners understand complex concepts. The focus is on providing valuable, well-researched, and comprehensive content that resonates with learners and anyone actively seeking information online.

WEEK 1 & 2: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE

In today’s digital world, programming is an essential skill that allows us to interact with computers and create software that powers everything from apps to websites and even complex systems. High-level programming languages are vital tools in the field of computer science, allowing programmers to write software that is easier to read, understand, and maintain.

A high-level language (HLL) is a type of programming language that is abstracted from machine code and designed to be more user-friendly. Unlike low-level languages such as machine code or assembly language, high-level languages are much closer to human languages, making them easier to use for writing complex programs. They allow programmers to focus more on solving problems logically than on dealing with the hardware intricacies of the computer.

This lesson will explore high-level programming languages, their characteristics, examples, and the differences between compiled and interpreted languages.

Key Concepts:

1. What is a High-Level Language?

A high-level language is a programming language that provides an abstraction from the machine’s hardware and uses human-readable syntax to write programs. High-level languages are designed to be simple, readable, and understandable for humans, making them ideal for creating software applications and systems.

These languages are much easier to understand than machine code (binary code), which consists of ones and zeros. For example, in a high-level language, you can write commands in words like “if,” “print,” or “loop,” whereas in low-level languages, you would deal with numeric codes that the computer can interpret.

Some common high-level languages include:

• Python: Known for its simplicity and ease of learning, making it a popular choice for beginners and experts alike.
• Java: Widely used for web applications, mobile apps, and enterprise software.
• C++: Popular in system programming, game development, and applications that require high performance.

2. Characteristics of High-Level Languages

High-level programming languages share several key characteristics that make them more user-friendly and versatile:

• Abstraction: High-level languages abstract away the complexities of the underlying hardware, allowing programmers to write code that focuses on solving problems logically without worrying about memory management or specific hardware features. This abstraction simplifies the process of coding and makes the language more flexible across different devices and systems.
• Ease of Use: These languages are designed to be similar to natural human languages, using English-like syntax. For example, in Python, the command to display a message is print("Hello, World!"). This makes it easier for programmers to write, read, and understand code, even for those new to programming.
• Portability: High-level languages are generally portable, meaning the same program can be run on different types of computers (Windows, macOS, Linux, etc.) with minimal changes. This is a major advantage over low-level languages that are tightly coupled to specific hardware.

3. Examples of High-Level Languages

There are several popular high-level programming languages that are widely used across industries:

• Python: Python is one of the most versatile and beginner-friendly languages. Its simple syntax and readability make it a great choice for new programmers. It is used in various fields, from web development (using frameworks like Django and Flask) to data analysis and artificial intelligence (AI) applications.
• Java: Java is a robust, object-oriented programming language used extensively for developing large-scale enterprise applications and Android mobile apps. It follows the “write once, run anywhere” philosophy because Java code can run on any platform with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.
• C++: C++ is a powerful language used for system programming, real-time applications, and game development. Its performance and efficiency make it a go-to language for creating software that needs to run quickly, like video games or operating systems.

4. Compilation and Interpretation

High-level languages can either be compiled or interpreted, depending on how the program is translated into machine code.

• Compiled Languages: In a compiled language like C++, the source code is transformed into machine code by a compiler before execution. The compilation process translates the entire program into an executable file, which can then be run directly by the computer. Compiled languages tend to be faster because they are converted directly into machine code.
• Interpreted Languages: In interpreted languages like Python, the source code is read and executed line-by-line by an interpreter. Rather than creating an executable file, Python code is run directly by the Python interpreter. While interpreted languages are easier to test and debug, they tend to be slower compared to compiled languages due to the extra processing required during execution.

5. Comparison: Compiled vs. Interpreted Languages

Feature	Compiled Languages (C++)	Interpreted Languages (Python)
Speed	Faster execution due to direct machine code	Slower execution due to line-by-line interpretation
Ease of Debugging	Harder to debug due to lack of intermediate steps	Easier to debug due to real-time execution
Portability	Less portable (requires recompiling for different systems)	Highly portable (runs on any system with the interpreter)
Example	C++, Rust, Go	Python, JavaScript, Ruby

Reading Assignment:

Study the basics of high-level programming languages, including their features, uses, and key differences between compiled and interpreted languages. You can refer to pages 101-120 of the Computer Science textbook for a deeper understanding of these concepts.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What is a high-level language, and how does it differ from low-level languages?
   • Answer: A high-level language is user-friendly and abstracted from the machine’s hardware, making it easier to write and understand. Low-level languages, such as machine code, are harder to read and understand because they consist of numeric values that are close to the hardware.
2. Give two examples of high-level languages and explain their uses.
   • Answer:
     • Python is used for data science, machine learning, web development, and automation due to its simplicity.
     • Java is commonly used for developing web and mobile applications, especially in enterprise environments.
3. What is the difference between a compiled and an interpreted language?

Answer: A compiled language translates the entire source code into machine code before execution, resulting in faster execution. An interpreted language processes and executes code line by line, which makes it slower but easier to debug and more flexible for testing.

WEEK 3: OVERVIEW OF NUMBER BASES

In everyday life, we typically use the decimal number system (Base 10) for counting and calculations. However, in the world of computing, numbers are often represented in different bases to match the way computers process data. Understanding number bases is crucial for anyone learning computer science, as it forms the foundation for concepts like data storage, processing, and computation in digital systems.

In this lesson, we will explore the different number bases used in computing, how to convert between them, and why these conversions are necessary in computer science.

Key Concepts:

1. What are Number Bases?

A number base, or numeral system, is a way to represent numbers using a specific set of symbols (digits). The base of a number system determines the number of unique digits, including zero, that are used to represent numbers. For instance:

• Base 10 (Decimal) uses ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
• Base 2 (Binary), the most important number system in computing, uses only two digits: 0 and 1.
• Base 16 (Hexadecimal) uses sixteen digits: 0-9 and A-F, where A stands for 10, B for 11, and so on up to F, which represents 15.

Understanding these bases is essential for working with computer data, as computers use binary to represent all data.

2. Common Number Bases

• Decimal (Base 10): This is the most common number system, used by humans in everyday counting. It has 10 digits (0-9), which is why it’s called “Base 10.”
• Binary (Base 2): The binary system is used by computers because they operate with two states (on and off). Binary numbers consist of only two digits: 0 and 1. Every digit in a binary number represents a power of 2. For example, the binary number 1010 is equal to 1×23+0×22+1×21+0×201 \times 2^3 + 0 \times 2^2 + 1 \times 2^1 + 0 \times 2^01×23+0×22+1×21+0×20, which equals 10 in decimal.
• Hexadecimal (Base 16): Hexadecimal is often used in programming and digital electronics because it is more compact and easier to read than binary. It uses the digits 0-9 and the letters A-F, where A stands for 10, B for 11, and so on. For example, the hexadecimal number FF represents 15 in decimal (F = 15).

3. Converting Between Number Bases

Understanding how to convert between number systems is essential for working with computers. Here’s how to convert between some of the common bases:

• Decimal to Binary:
  • To convert a decimal number to binary, divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly, keeping track of the remainders. Once you reach 0, the binary equivalent is the sequence of remainders read from bottom to top.
  • Example: Convert 5 (decimal) to binary.
    1. $5÷2=2$ remainder 1
    2. $2÷2=1$ remainder 0
    3. $1÷2=0$ remainder 1
    • Binary: 101
• Binary to Decimal:
  • To convert binary to decimal, multiply each binary digit (bit) by 2 raised to the power of its position (starting from 0) and sum the results.
  • Example: Convert 1101 (binary) to decimal. 11012=(1×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×20)=8+4+0+1=13101101_2 = (1 \times 2^3) + (1 \times 2^2) + (0 \times 2^1) + (1 \times 2^0) = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13_{10}11012​=(1×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×20)=8+4+0+1=1310​
• Decimal to Hexadecimal:
  • To convert a decimal number to hexadecimal, divide the decimal number by 16, keeping track of the remainders. Once you reach 0, the hexadecimal equivalent is the sequence of remainders read from bottom to top.
  • Example: Convert 255 (decimal) to hexadecimal.
    1. $255÷16=15$ remainder 15 (F)
    2. $15÷16=0$ remainder 15 (F)
    • Hexadecimal: FF

Examples:

1. Binary Example: The decimal number 5 is represented as 101 in binary.
2. Hexadecimal Example: The decimal number 255 is represented as FF in hexadecimal.

Reading Assignment:

Review the section on number systems and conversion techniques in your Computer Science textbook on pages 121-140. This will help you understand how number bases work and how to perform conversions between them.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What is the difference between binary and decimal number systems?
   • Answer: The decimal number system (Base 10) uses 10 digits (0-9), while the binary system (Base 2) uses only 2 digits (0 and 1). Binary is used by computers for processing and storage because of its simplicity, reflecting the two states of a computer’s hardware: on (1) and off (0).
2. How do you convert a decimal number to binary?
   • Answer: To convert a decimal number to binary, divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly, noting the remainders. Then, read the remainders in reverse order to get the binary equivalent.
3. Convert the binary number 1101 to decimal.
   • Answer: The binary number 1101 converts to decimal as: (1×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×20)=8+4+0+1=13(1 \times 2^3) + (1 \times 2^2) + (0 \times 2^1) + (1 \times 2^0) = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13(1×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×20)=8+4+0+1=13

Therefore, 1101 (binary) = 13 (decimal).

WEEK 4: DATA REPRESENTATION

Data representation is a critical concept in computer science, as it explains how various types of information are stored and processed by computers. Everything in a computer, from numbers to images and sounds, is represented in binary—combinations of 0s and 1s. Understanding how computers represent different types of data is essential for grasping how digital devices operate. This week, we will dive into how numbers, text, images, and sound are represented in binary form, offering insight into the building blocks of computing.

Key Concepts:

1. Binary Representation of Data

Binary is the language of computers. All data in a computer is ultimately stored and processed as binary digits (bits), which are either 0 or 1. These bits are combined in different patterns to represent complex data. For example, the letter “A” in text, the number 5, or even a picture, are all encoded into sequences of binary numbers for storage and processing.

2. Representation of Numbers

• Integers: Whole numbers (both positive and negative) are represented using a series of binary digits (bits). In a computer, the binary representation of an integer is a direct mapping from the binary number system to the base-2 format.

  Example: The integer 5 is represented as 101 in binary.

• Floating-Point Numbers: Decimal numbers, or real numbers, are represented using a method called floating-point notation. Floating-point numbers allow for the representation of very large or very small numbers, and they are used when precision is required in calculations. This method stores numbers as a combination of a base (usually 2) and an exponent, enabling computers to handle fractional numbers.

  Example: The decimal number 3.14 is stored as a floating-point number, with a binary representation that accounts for the fractional part.

3. Representation of Text

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): ASCII is a character encoding standard that represents text characters, such as letters, numbers, and symbols, as binary numbers. Each character is assigned a specific number. For example, the letter “A” is represented as the number 65 in ASCII, which is then converted to binary form.

  Example: The letter “A” is represented as 65 in ASCII, which is 01000001 in binary.

• Unicode: Unicode is a more advanced encoding system that extends the concept of ASCII to support characters from various languages around the world. Unlike ASCII, which is limited to 128 characters, Unicode can represent hundreds of thousands of characters, making it a global standard for text representation.

4. Representation of Images and Sound

• Images: In a computer, an image is represented as a collection of pixels, where each pixel has a specific color. The color of each pixel is represented using binary values that correspond to the color’s intensity. The more pixels an image has, the higher the image resolution, which leads to more detailed images. Each pixel’s color is often represented using combinations of red, green, and blue (RGB), with each color value expressed in binary.

  Example: A digital image might have thousands or even millions of pixels, each represented as a binary value indicating the pixel’s color.

• Sound: Sound in digital form is represented using waveforms. These waveforms are sampled at regular intervals to capture the sound’s intensity at each point in time. Each sample is then converted into a binary value that represents the sound’s intensity at that particular moment. These digital audio files, such as MP3s, store sound as sequences of binary numbers.

  Example: A sound wave is captured as a series of samples, each represented by a binary number, which when played back, reproduces the original sound.

Examples:

1. Text Representation in ASCII: The word “HELLO” in ASCII is represented as the binary sequence:
   makefile

   CopyEdit

   H = 01001000
E = 01000101
L = 01001100
L = 01001100
O = 01001111


   Therefore, the word “HELLO” is represented as:

   CopyEdit

   01001000 01000101 01001100 01001100 01001111

2. Image Representation: A digital image is represented as a grid of pixels. For example, a 2×2 pixel image might look like this:
   php

   CopyEdit

   Pixel 1: 111000 (color value in binary)
Pixel 2: 010101 (color value in binary)
Pixel 3: 100111 (color value in binary)
Pixel 4: 011010 (color value in binary)

3. Sound Representation: A simple sound wave is represented as a sequence of binary values that correspond to its intensity at different points in time.

Reading Assignment:

Study the section on data types and their binary representations on pages 141-160 of the Computer Science textbook. This will help you understand how different types of data are converted into binary and stored in a computer.

Evaluation Questions:

1. How are numbers represented in binary?
   • Answer: Numbers are represented in binary by converting each digit into a series of 0s and 1s based on powers of 2. For integers, each bit corresponds to a specific power of 2, and for floating-point numbers, the number is represented with an exponent and a fraction.
2. What is ASCII, and how does it represent text?
   • Answer: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a character encoding standard that represents text by assigning a specific binary value to each character. For example, the letter “A” is represented as 65 in ASCII, which is 01000001 in binary.
3. Explain how an image is represented in a computer.

Answer: An image is represented as a grid of pixels, where each pixel’s color is encoded as a binary value. The color of each pixel is typically represented using a combination of red, green, and blue (RGB) values, each of which is stored as a binary number.

WEEK 5-8: SECURITY AND ETHICS

Security and ethics are essential in computing. As technology evolves, protecting data and maintaining privacy have become critical priorities. Moreover, understanding the ethical challenges surrounding technology ensures that digital tools are used responsibly. In these weeks, we will explore computer security, the importance of encryption, and the ethical issues that arise from the use of technology.

Key Concepts:

1. Computer Security

Computer security involves the protection of computer systems and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and data breaches. Security measures are critical in preventing data theft, loss of personal information, and damage to computer systems.

Key Elements of Computer Security:

• Authentication: Ensuring that users are who they say they are.
• Access Control: Restricting access to data or systems based on user permissions.
• Antivirus Software: Protecting against malware and viruses.

2. Malware

Malware refers to malicious software that can harm computers or steal sensitive information. This includes viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware.

• Viruses: Programs that replicate and spread to other files.
• Worms: Self-replicating malware that spreads across networks.
• Trojans: Malware disguised as legitimate software that can damage or steal data.
• Ransomware: Malicious software that locks or encrypts a user’s files, demanding payment for access.

3. Firewalls

A firewall is a system that prevents unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be hardware or software-based, acting as a barrier between an internal network and external threats. They monitor incoming and outgoing traffic and can block harmful data packets.

4. Encryption

Encryption is the process of converting data into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access. It ensures that even if data is intercepted, it cannot be read without the appropriate decryption key. Common types of encryption include SSL/TLS encryption used in secure web browsing and AES encryption used for protecting sensitive files.

• Data Encryption: Encrypts sensitive data, such as passwords and financial transactions, ensuring its privacy.
• Encryption Algorithms: Algorithms like RSA and AES are commonly used for securing data.

5. Privacy

Privacy in the digital age involves protecting personal information and ensuring that it is not misused. As more data is shared online, ensuring privacy has become a central issue in computing.

• Data Privacy: Protecting personal information like names, addresses, and financial details.
• Data Breaches: Occur when unauthorized individuals gain access to private information, often due to hacking.

6. Ethics in Computing

Ethics in computing refers to the responsible use of technology. This includes respecting others’ privacy, avoiding harmful behaviors, and ensuring that technology is not used maliciously.

• Digital Footprint: The trail of data left by users online through activities such as browsing and social media.
• Intellectual Property: Refers to the legal ownership of digital content, including software and creative works.

Ethical Challenges in Technology:

• Hacking: Unauthorized access to systems or data, often for malicious purposes. Hacking is illegal and unethical as it compromises privacy and security.
• Piracy: The illegal distribution of software or digital content, such as music, movies, or software programs.
• Cyberbullying: The use of technology to harass or harm others. This can involve spreading false information, sending harmful messages, or threatening others online.

Examples:

1. Data Encryption: Online banking uses encryption to protect sensitive financial data, ensuring that transactions and account details are secure from hackers.

   Example: When you make an online payment, encryption ensures that your credit card details are securely transmitted without being intercepted.

2. Ethical Computing: Software companies use licenses to protect their intellectual property and avoid piracy. By enforcing digital rights management (DRM), they ensure that their products are not copied or distributed without authorization.

   Example: A software company releases a program and uses encryption and license keys to protect against illegal copying or redistribution.

Reading Assignment:

Review the section on security measures, privacy issues, and ethics in computing on pages 161-200 of the Computer Science textbook. This will help you understand the various methods of securing data and the ethical challenges related to the use of technology.

Evaluation Questions:

1. What is malware, and how can it affect a computer?
   • Answer: Malware is malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or steal data from a computer. It can cause systems to malfunction, slow down, or result in unauthorized data access, leading to security breaches.
2. Why is encryption important for data privacy?
   • Answer: Encryption protects sensitive data by converting it into a coded format that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized users. This ensures that even if data is intercepted, it remains secure.
3. Discuss an ethical issue related to technology today.
   • Answer: One major ethical issue today is privacy invasion through surveillance and data collection. Companies and governments are collecting vast amounts of personal information, often without individuals’ knowledge or consent. This raises concerns about how data is used and whether individuals’ privacy rights are being respected.