Comprehensive SS2 Literature-in-English Lesson Notes for Second Term

In the study of classic literature, few works resonate as deeply as Shakespeare’s Othello and Richard Wright’s Native Son. Both texts explore powerful themes of race, identity, and societal pressure, albeit through different lenses. Othello delves into the destructive effects of jealousy, manipulation, and racial prejudice, while Native Son takes a critical look at the psychological impact of systemic racism on an African American man in 1930s America. By examining these texts, we gain a richer understanding of the human experience, particularly in relation to racial struggles, identity formation, and the consequences of societal oppression. This comprehensive analysis provides detailed insights into the characters and themes in both Othello and Native Son, offering readers a profound exploration of how social forces shape individual lives and relationships.

1. Introduction to “Othello” by William Shakespeare

Objective
The objective of this lesson is to introduce students to Othello, a tragedy by William Shakespeare, and to equip them with the knowledge to understand the key themes, characters, and literary devices used in the play. By the end of this lesson, students should be able to comprehend the structure, plot, and motivations of the characters, as well as analyze the moral lessons and relevance of the play to contemporary society.

Overview of “Othello”

Othello is a tragic play written by William Shakespeare in the early 17th century. It is one of Shakespeare’s most renowned plays, dealing with complex themes of jealousy, race, trust, and betrayal. The play is set in Venice and Cyprus and revolves around the character Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army, and his tragic downfall due to the manipulations of his ensign, Iago. The tragedy is one of Shakespeare’s finest explorations of human nature and emotions, showing how prejudice and deceit can ruin lives.

Plot Summary

The plot of Othello begins with the marriage of Othello, a respected general in Venice, to Desdemona, the daughter of a Venetian nobleman. Iago, who feels slighted by Othello for promoting Cassio instead of him, begins to manipulate Othello into believing that Desdemona has been unfaithful to him with Cassio. Fueled by jealousy and mistrust, Othello becomes consumed by the idea that his wife is betraying him. This leads him to make tragic decisions that ultimately result in the deaths of Desdemona, himself, and Iago’s own punishment.

Key Characters and Their Role

1. Othello
   Othello is the protagonist and tragic hero of the play. He is a Moorish general in the Venetian army who is respected for his military prowess but struggles with insecurities about his race and status. His love for Desdemona, his beautiful and noble wife, blinds him to the manipulations of Iago, leading him to make decisions that bring about his downfall.

   Example: Othello’s vulnerability is evident when he says, “And yet how nature erring from itself—” (Act 3, Scene 3). This reflects his inner conflict and self-doubt about his worthiness as a husband and leader.

2. Desdemona
   Desdemona is Othello’s wife and the daughter of a Venetian nobleman, Brabantio. She is portrayed as innocent, loving, and loyal to Othello. Despite being accused of infidelity, Desdemona remains steadfast in her love for Othello, which makes her tragic fate even more heartbreaking.

   Example: Desdemona’s loyalty is highlighted when she says, “I will not change my faith to love, to whom my thoughts are humbly bent and bent” (Act 2, Scene 1), showing her unwavering commitment to Othello.

3. Iago
   Iago is the antagonist of the play. He is a manipulative and envious ensign who is driven by resentment toward Othello for promoting Cassio over him. His deceitful schemes to destroy Othello’s marriage and reputation are central to the play’s tragic outcome.

   Example: Iago’s cunning is shown in his manipulation of Othello when he says, “I am not what I am” (Act 1, Scene 1), indicating his deceptive nature.

4. Cassio
   Michael Cassio is Othello’s loyal lieutenant. Though he is a good-natured and well-liked character, he is manipulated by Iago into appearing guilty of infidelity with Desdemona, which contributes to Othello’s jealousy.

   Example: Cassio’s innocence is shown when he seeks Desdemona’s help to regain Othello’s favor, demonstrating his respect for her and his honor.

Major Themes of “Othello”

1. Jealousy
   Jealousy is the central theme of the play and is portrayed as a destructive emotion. Othello’s jealousy, fueled by Iago’s lies, becomes all-consuming and ultimately leads to his tragic actions. The play demonstrates how jealousy can cloud judgment and lead to irreversible consequences.

   Example: Othello’s jealousy is encapsulated in his line, “O, beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on” (Act 3, Scene 3).

2. Racism and Prejudice
   The play explores the racial tension between Othello, a black man in a predominantly white society, and the other characters. Othello’s race is a source of insecurity for him, and he is constantly subjected to racist attitudes, especially by Iago.

   Example: Iago’s racist remarks about Othello, such as calling him a “Barbary horse” (Act 1, Scene 1), highlight the societal prejudice Othello faces.

3. Betrayal and Trust
   Trust and betrayal are key elements in the play. Othello’s trust in Iago leads him to betray his wife, Desdemona, while Iago’s betrayal of Othello’s trust is the driving force of the tragedy.

   Example: Othello’s tragic loss of trust is evident when he says, “I have a pain upon my forehead, here, as if I had received a mortal wound” (Act 3, Scene 3).

4. Manipulation
   Iago is the master manipulator in the play, using deceit to destroy Othello’s happiness. His manipulations exploit Othello’s insecurities and lead him to believe false truths.

   Example: Iago manipulates Othello’s thoughts, saying, “Look to your wife; observe her well with Cassio” (Act 3, Scene 3).

Literary Devices in “Othello”

1. Dramatic Irony
   Shakespeare uses dramatic irony throughout the play, where the audience knows more than the characters. This heightens the tragedy, especially as Iago’s deceit remains hidden from Othello until it is too late.

   Example: The audience is aware of Iago’s manipulations, but Othello remains oblivious until the tragic conclusion.

2. Symbolism
   The handkerchief in the play is a key symbol. It represents Othello’s love for Desdemona, but also becomes a tool of manipulation for Iago, symbolizing the fragility of Othello’s trust in his wife.

   Example: Iago uses the handkerchief as “proof” of Desdemona’s infidelity, leading Othello to believe the worst.

3. Foreshadowing
   Throughout the play, Shakespeare uses foreshadowing to hint at the tragic ending. Iago’s references to jealousy and Othello’s own doubts are subtle hints of the impending tragedy.

   Example: Iago’s line, “The Moor is of a free and open nature” (Act 1, Scene 3), foreshadows Othello’s vulnerability to manipulation.

Reading Assignment

1. Read Act 1, Scene 1 of Othello and analyze how Iago’s manipulative behavior sets the stage for the unfolding tragedy.
2. Read Act 3, Scene 3 and discuss the significance of Othello’s soliloquy about jealousy. How does it reflect his internal conflict?

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Iago manipulate Othello into doubting Desdemona’s loyalty?
2. Discuss the role of racism in shaping Othello’s character. How does it influence his decisions throughout the play?
3. In what ways does jealousy contribute to the downfall of the characters in Othello?
4. How does Shakespeare use the handkerchief as a symbol in the play? What does it represent to different characters?
5. What is the significance of dramatic irony in the development of the play’s plot?

2. Reading of Act 1, 2, and 3 of Othello by William Shakespeare

Objective
This lesson is designed to guide students through an in-depth reading and analysis of Acts 1, 2, and 3 of Othello by William Shakespeare. By exploring the plot, characters, themes, and literary devices in these acts, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the play’s development and key issues. The goal is to ensure students understand the significant events in these acts and their impact on the play’s overall tragic arc.

Overview of Othello

Othello is one of Shakespeare’s most famous tragedies, dealing with themes such as jealousy, manipulation, race, and betrayal. The play follows the story of Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army, and his tragic downfall, largely caused by the manipulative actions of his ensign, Iago. Through a web of lies and deceit, Iago instigates Othello’s jealousy, leading to the destruction of his marriage to Desdemona and ultimately his own ruin.

Act 1: The Setting and Introduction of the Main Conflict

Summary of Act 1

Act 1 of Othello introduces the primary characters and sets the stage for the conflict. The scene opens in Venice, where Iago is angry that Othello, a Moor, has promoted Cassio instead of him. Iago’s bitterness toward Othello grows as he feels betrayed. In an attempt to ruin Othello, Iago begins scheming, seeking to manipulate Othello’s perception of those around him.

Key events:

1. Iago’s Betrayal: Iago is resentful of Othello’s promotion of Cassio over him. He begins to plot against both Othello and Cassio.
2. Racial Prejudice: Iago’s derogatory remarks about Othello’s race play on societal prejudices.
3. Brabantio’s Reaction: Desdemona’s father, Brabantio, is enraged upon learning that his daughter has secretly married Othello. This marks the beginning of a tension-filled relationship between Othello and Venetian society.

Key Themes in Act 1

• Racism and Prejudice: Othello, though a respected general, is a victim of racial prejudice. Iago uses this to manipulate the other characters.
• Deception and Manipulation: Iago’s manipulation of Roderigo and his scheming begins to take shape, showing his true nature as a villain.
• Love and Betrayal: The themes of love and betrayal are introduced through the secret marriage of Othello and Desdemona.

Examples from the Act

• Iago’s manipulation is shown in his line, “I am not what I am” (Act 1, Scene 1), revealing his deceptive nature.
• The prejudice against Othello is clearly depicted when Iago refers to him as a “Barbary horse” (Act 1, Scene 1), showing the racial tension in Venetian society.

Reading Assignment for Act 1

• Read Act 1, Scene 1 through Act 1, Scene 3.
• Analyze the relationship between Iago and Roderigo and how Iago manipulates him.
• Discuss the initial portrayal of Othello and Desdemona’s marriage.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Iago’s resentment of Othello set the stage for the tragedy in the play?
2. In what ways does Iago exploit racial prejudice to manipulate other characters?
3. What is Brabantio’s reaction to Desdemona’s marriage, and how does it reflect the society’s view of Othello?

Act 2: Rising Tensions and Iago’s Machinations

Summary of Act 2

Act 2 shifts to Cyprus, where the Venetian forces have defeated the Turkish fleet. Othello and Desdemona are now in Cyprus, and Iago begins his plot to sow seeds of doubt in Othello’s mind about Desdemona’s loyalty. Iago targets Cassio by getting him drunk and causing him to fight with Roderigo. Iago manipulates Othello into thinking that Cassio and Desdemona are having an affair, further escalating Othello’s jealousy.

Key events:

1. Iago’s First Act of Manipulation: Iago begins to implement his plan to make Othello suspicious of Desdemona.
2. Cassio’s Demotion: Iago’s scheming leads to Cassio’s demotion after a drunken brawl, which sets up Iago’s next phase of manipulation.
3. The Handkerchief: Iago’s use of Desdemona’s handkerchief as a tool to manipulate Othello’s emotions becomes central to the plot.

Key Themes in Act 2

• Jealousy: Othello’s growing jealousy is central to this act. Iago’s manipulations deepen Othello’s insecurities.
• Loyalty and Honor: Othello’s sense of honor and loyalty is tested as he begins to distrust Desdemona.
• Manipulation and Deceit: Iago continues to deceive everyone around him, including Othello, Cassio, and Desdemona.

Examples from the Act

• Iago’s manipulation is evident when he suggests to Othello, “Look to your wife; observe her well with Cassio” (Act 2, Scene 3).
• Othello’s jealousy grows when he says, “I’ll see before I doubt” (Act 3, Scene 3), showing his internal conflict.

Reading Assignment for Act 2

• Read Act 2, Scene 1 through Act 2, Scene 3.
• Explore Iago’s manipulation of Othello’s emotions and the growing tension between the characters.
• Analyze Othello’s trust in Iago and how it impacts his judgment.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Iago manipulate Othello in Act 2, and what are the consequences of his actions?
2. Discuss the role of the handkerchief in this act. What does it symbolize?
3. How does Cassio’s demotion play into Iago’s larger plan?

Act 3: The Height of Manipulation and Othello’s Downfall

Summary of Act 3

Act 3 sees the full escalation of Iago’s manipulation. He subtly encourages Othello’s jealousy while deepening his suspicion of Desdemona’s infidelity. Iago manipulates Othello into demanding “proof” of Desdemona’s betrayal, and Iago uses the handkerchief to further solidify Othello’s growing rage. Meanwhile, Desdemona remains unaware of Othello’s suspicions and tries to advocate for Cassio’s reinstatement.

Key events:

1. Iago’s Plan Unfolds: Iago successfully plants doubts in Othello’s mind, causing him to demand evidence of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness.
2. Othello’s Jealousy: Othello’s jealousy takes over as he begins to mistrust Desdemona completely.
3. The Handkerchief as Proof: The handkerchief, which Othello gave to Desdemona, becomes a key piece of “evidence” that convinces Othello of her guilt.

Key Themes in Act 3

• Jealousy and Destruction: Othello’s jealousy becomes uncontrollable, leading to his moral and emotional decay.
• Deception and Trust: Iago continues to manipulate Othello’s trust in him, deepening Othello’s belief in Desdemona’s betrayal.
• Manipulation of Evidence: Iago uses the handkerchief as a “proof” of Desdemona’s infidelity, highlighting the danger of false evidence.

Examples from the Act

• Othello’s jealousy is clear when he says, “I’ll tear her all to pieces” (Act 3, Scene 3), showing his uncontrollable rage.
• Iago’s cunning manipulation is evident when he says, “Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, is the immediate jewel of their souls” (Act 3, Scene 3), playing on Othello’s honor.

Reading Assignment for Act 3

• Read Act 3, Scene 1 through Act 3, Scene 3.
• Analyze how Iago manipulates Othello’s emotions and how Othello reacts to his jealousy.
• Discuss the symbolism of the handkerchief and its role in the unfolding tragedy.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Iago manipulate Othello in Act 3, and how does Othello’s reaction reflect his jealousy?
2. Discuss the significance of the handkerchief in this act. Why is it so important to Othello’s perception of Desdemona?
3. What role does Desdemona’s loyalty play in the events of Act 3?

3. Summary of Othello by William Shakespeare

Objective
This lesson aims to provide a comprehensive summary of Othello by William Shakespeare. Students will explore the plot, characters, themes, and literary devices used throughout the play, with particular focus on understanding how these elements contribute to the tragic arc of the story. The lesson is structured to engage novice learners while driving engagement for those seeking insights on Othello.

Overview of Othello by William Shakespeare

Othello is a tragedy that explores themes such as jealousy, betrayal, racism, and manipulation. The play follows Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army, and his tragic downfall due to the manipulation of his ensign, Iago. Shakespeare uses Othello to demonstrate how personal insecurities and the manipulation of others can lead to a destructive end.

The play is divided into five acts, but in this lesson, we’ll focus on the key aspects and summarize the overall plot while examining the characters, their relationships, and the central themes.

Act 1: The Introduction to Conflict

Summary of Act 1

Act 1 introduces the setting and the main conflict. The story begins in Venice, where Iago expresses his displeasure at being passed over for a promotion to lieutenant, a position given to Cassio instead. Iago’s resentment leads him to plot against Othello, who is a respected general in the army. Iago uses his knowledge of people and his cunning nature to manipulate Roderigo, a wealthy Venetian who desires Desdemona, and to deceive others.

Key Events:

1. Iago’s Resentment: Iago’s bitterness stems from being passed over for promotion. He starts plotting revenge against Othello and Cassio.
2. Racial Prejudice: Iago uses derogatory language to insult Othello, reinforcing the racial tensions that will play a role throughout the play.
3. Desdemona’s Marriage: Desdemona’s secret marriage to Othello is revealed, which enrages her father, Brabantio. This event sets the stage for the conflict between Othello and Venetian society.

Key Themes in Act 1

• Racism: Othello, though a skilled and respected general, is viewed as an outsider due to his race. This racism is highlighted through Iago’s remarks about him.
• Jealousy: Iago’s jealousy and resentment begin to take shape, and his manipulations start to emerge.
• Betrayal and Deception: Iago’s deceitful plans are revealed as he sets the stage for the drama to unfold.

Examples:

• Iago refers to Othello as a “Barbary horse” (Act 1, Scene 1), highlighting racial prejudice.
• Iago’s line, “I am not what I am” (Act 1, Scene 1), reveals his deceptive nature.

Reading Assignment for Act 1

• Read Act 1, Scene 1 through Act 1, Scene 3.
• Focus on the development of Iago’s character and his initial manipulations.
• Discuss the initial portrayal of Othello and Desdemona’s relationship.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Iago’s jealousy shape his actions in Act 1?
2. In what ways does Shakespeare explore the theme of racism in the play?
3. How do Othello and Desdemona’s secret marriage affect the unfolding conflict?

Act 2: Rising Tensions and Manipulation

Summary of Act 2

In Act 2, the action moves to Cyprus, where Othello and his troops have been stationed. Iago begins to put his plan into motion by sowing seeds of doubt about Desdemona’s loyalty to Othello. Iago manipulates Cassio by getting him drunk and causing him to fight Roderigo, resulting in Cassio’s demotion. Meanwhile, Othello’s trust in Iago grows, and his jealousy begins to take hold.

Key Events:

1. Iago’s Manipulations: Iago continues his deceit, leading Othello to doubt Desdemona’s fidelity.
2. Cassio’s Demotion: Iago’s actions cause Cassio to lose his position, which furthers Iago’s plan to create tension.
3. Desdemona’s Loyalty: Desdemona remains unaware of the trouble brewing around her and continues to advocate for Cassio’s reinstatement.

Key Themes in Act 2

• Jealousy: Othello’s growing jealousy starts to overshadow his trust in Desdemona.
• Manipulation: Iago manipulates not only Othello but also Cassio and others around him.
• Honor and Reputation: Iago’s attacks on Cassio’s honor lead to Othello’s suspicion and mistrust.

Examples:

• Iago uses Cassio’s demotion as a tool to further his own plot, saying to Othello, “Look to your wife; observe her well with Cassio” (Act 2, Scene 3).
• Othello’s jealousy is clear when he says, “I’ll see before I doubt” (Act 3, Scene 3), signifying the deepening mistrust.

Reading Assignment for Act 2

• Read Act 2, Scene 1 through Act 2, Scene 3.
• Explore how Iago’s manipulations are succeeding and the effects on Othello.
• Analyze the shift in Othello’s behavior as his jealousy starts to emerge.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Iago continue to manipulate Othello’s perception of Desdemona?
2. What role does Cassio’s demotion play in Othello’s growing suspicion?
3. How does Desdemona’s loyalty to Othello contrast with his mistrust?

Act 3: The Climax and Othello’s Tragic Downfall

Summary of Act 3

Act 3 sees the peak of Iago’s manipulation. Iago continues to feed Othello’s jealousy by suggesting that Desdemona is unfaithful with Cassio. Othello becomes consumed with doubt and jealousy, demanding proof from Iago. Iago takes advantage of Othello’s insecurities, manipulating him with the lost handkerchief, which Othello believes to be evidence of Desdemona’s infidelity.

Key Events:

1. Iago’s Control: Iago successfully manipulates Othello into believing that Desdemona is unfaithful with Cassio.
2. The Handkerchief: Iago uses Desdemona’s handkerchief as supposed proof of her betrayal, fueling Othello’s jealousy.
3. Othello’s Emotional Collapse: Othello becomes consumed by jealousy and starts to lose his sense of reason and control.

Key Themes in Act 3

• Jealousy and Trust: Othello’s trust in Desdemona erodes as he becomes more consumed with jealousy.
• Manipulation and Deception: Iago’s manipulation reaches its peak as he controls Othello’s emotions.
• Evidence and Perception: Othello’s belief in false evidence leads to his emotional and mental downfall.

Examples:

• Othello’s descent into jealousy is shown when he says, “I’ll tear her all to pieces” (Act 3, Scene 3), revealing the violence and rage jealousy can provoke.
• Iago’s cunning manipulation of Othello is seen when he says, “Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, is the immediate jewel of their souls” (Act 3, Scene 3), preying on Othello’s sense of honor.

Reading Assignment for Act 3

• Read Act 3, Scene 1 through Act 3, Scene 3.
• Analyze how Iago manipulates Othello’s emotions and the destructive consequences that follow.
• Explore the role of the handkerchief and its significance to Othello.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Iago manipulate Othello into believing that Desdemona is unfaithful?
2. What is the symbolic role of the handkerchief in Act 3, and how does it affect Othello’s actions?
3. How does Othello’s jealousy lead to his emotional collapse?

4. Introduction to Native Son by Richard Wright

Objective
This lesson aims to provide a thorough and comprehensive introduction to Native Son by Richard Wright. Students will explore the novel’s central themes, characters, and the historical context surrounding the book. This lesson will help students understand the impact of race, social inequality, and systemic oppression on individuals in society. Written in a clear and accessible way, this lesson will engage novice readers and encourage deeper thought about the novel’s significance.

Overview of Native Son by Richard Wright

Native Son is a powerful novel written by Richard Wright and first published in 1940. It tells the story of Bigger Thomas, an African American man living in poverty in 1930s Chicago. The novel explores Bigger’s feelings of alienation and frustration due to racial oppression and poverty, which ultimately lead to a tragic crime. Wright uses this novel to discuss the psychological effects of racism and how it shapes individuals’ lives and choices.

Main Themes:

• Racism and Oppression: The novel addresses systemic racism, how it dehumanizes African Americans, and how they are trapped by societal expectations.
• Identity and Self-Perception: Bigger struggles with his identity and self-worth in a world that constantly undermines him.
• Freedom vs. Confinement: The novel explores the internal and external factors that limit Bigger’s freedom and potential.
• Guilt and Redemption: Bigger’s actions force him to confront his guilt, and the story asks whether he can ever be redeemed.

Chapter 1: The Struggle for Identity

Summary of Chapter 1

The novel opens with Bigger Thomas, a 20-year-old African American living in a cramped apartment with his family. Bigger is frustrated by his circumstances, feeling trapped in a world that sees him as insignificant. He is hired to work for a wealthy white family, the Daltons, where he encounters Mary Dalton, the daughter of his employers, and her boyfriend, Jan. The interactions with the Daltons create a sense of tension for Bigger, as he tries to navigate the gap between his own internal world and the expectations imposed on him by society.

Key Events:

1. Bigger’s Poverty: Wright emphasizes Bigger’s poverty, which fuels his anger and alienation.
2. The Dalton Family: The Daltons represent an example of white liberalism, but their good intentions also have a patronizing tone.
3. Bigger’s Struggle: Bigger’s inability to escape his socio-economic conditions is introduced, as well as his desire for power and respect.

Key Themes in Chapter 1

• Alienation: Bigger feels like an outsider in his own world, unable to break free from poverty and oppression.
• Racism: Even though the Daltons are not openly hostile, their charitable actions still reinforce the idea that they see Bigger as inferior.
• Class Struggles: Bigger’s awareness of his socio-economic status fuels his resentment and frustration.

Examples:

• Bigger’s description of the Daltons’ wealth and how he feels “small” in comparison reflects his frustration with his own lack of agency.
• The moment when Bigger tries to assert control over the Daltons, but feels helpless, emphasizes his desire for power in a world that limits him.

Reading Assignment for Chapter 1

• Read Chapter 1 and focus on Bigger’s emotions of alienation and frustration.
• Pay attention to how Wright introduces the Daltons and their interactions with Bigger.

Evaluation Questions

1. What does Bigger’s first reaction to the Dalton family reveal about his character?
2. How does Wright use Bigger’s poverty to explain his sense of hopelessness?
3. How do the Daltons’ actions unintentionally reinforce racial barriers, even though they claim to be progressive?

Chapter 2: The Tension Builds

Summary of Chapter 2

In Chapter 2, Bigger is given the task of driving Mary Dalton, the daughter of his employers, to her college campus. While driving her, Bigger becomes increasingly uncomfortable with her liberal attitudes and casual interactions with him. At the campus, Mary introduces him to her boyfriend, Jan, who insists on treating Bigger as an equal, despite the racial dynamics at play. The encounter stirs deep-seated feelings of resentment and fear in Bigger, as he feels that these white individuals, although well-meaning, are out of touch with the realities of his life.

Key Events:

1. Mary and Jan’s Liberalism: Both Mary and Jan treat Bigger with a level of familiarity that makes him uneasy.
2. The Ride to College: The awkwardness of the situation grows as Bigger feels trapped between the expectations of the Daltons and his own feelings of rage.
3. Bigger’s Internal Conflict: Bigger struggles with conflicting emotions: part of him desires to please the Daltons and fit in, but another part of him resents them for their ignorance of his struggles.

Key Themes in Chapter 2

• Race and Class Divide: The interaction between Bigger and the Daltons illustrates the disconnect between the races, despite attempts to bridge the gap.
• Fear and Resentment: Bigger’s anger and fear are magnified by his interactions with Mary and Jan, who, despite their progressive views, cannot fully understand his position.
• Identity Crisis: Bigger’s internal conflict intensifies as he is forced to confront the differences between his desires and the oppressive world around him.

Examples:

• When Jan says to Bigger, “I don’t care what color you are. I just care what kind of a man you are,” Bigger’s reaction shows his discomfort with the idealized notions of racial equality.
• Bigger’s thoughts on the Daltons’ charity versus his own realities reflect the tension between well-meaning liberalism and the lived experience of African Americans.

Reading Assignment for Chapter 2

• Read Chapter 2 and analyze how Bigger’s interactions with Mary and Jan deepen his internal conflict.
• Examine how Bigger perceives the Daltons’ efforts to treat him equally.

Evaluation Questions

1. How do Mary and Jan’s actions inadvertently highlight the racial divide?
2. What is Bigger’s reaction to being treated as an equal by Mary and Jan, and why is this significant?
3. How does Wright portray the limitations of white liberalism in Chapter 2?

Chapter 3: The Crime and Consequences

Summary of Chapter 3

The tension in Native Son culminates in Chapter 3, where Bigger’s actions take a dark turn. While in the Daltons’ home one night, he gets drunk with Mary. When he is left alone with Mary, he accidentally smothers her while trying to keep her quiet so her parents don’t find out she’s with him. In a panic, Bigger tries to cover up the crime by disposing of the body and fabricating a story. This event sets the stage for Bigger’s moral descent and the dire consequences of his actions.

Key Events:

1. Mary’s Death: Bigger’s tragic mistake leads to Mary’s death, and his reaction is one of fear rather than remorse.
2. Covering Up the Crime: Bigger’s efforts to cover up the crime reveal his growing desperation and the extent of his self-deception.
3. Bigger’s Transformation: This event marks a turning point for Bigger, as his sense of guilt and confusion begins to deepen.

Key Themes in Chapter 3

• Fear and Panic: Bigger’s fear of being caught for his crime leads him to make irrational decisions.
• Race and Morality: The novel asks whether Bigger’s crime is a result of the systemic racism that has shaped his worldview.
• Consequences of Oppression: Bigger’s crime can be seen as a result of the psychological toll of living in a racially oppressive society.

Examples:

• The way Bigger smothers Mary in fear of being caught symbolizes the suffocating grip of racism on his life.
• His decision to dispose of the body reflects his inner conflict and inability to cope with his circumstances.

Reading Assignment for Chapter 3

• Read Chapter 3 and analyze how Bigger reacts to the crime he commits.
• Discuss the psychological implications of his actions and the theme of fear.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Bigger’s crime reflect the broader themes of racial tension and oppression in the novel?
2. What is Bigger’s mental state after Mary’s death, and how does it shape his actions in the following chapters?
3. How does the concept of fear play a role in Bigger’s decision-making?

5. Comprehensive Character Analysis of Native Son by Richard Wright

Objective
This lesson aims to provide a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the characters in Native Son by Richard Wright. Through this analysis, students will gain a deeper understanding of the psychological and social influences that shape the characters’ decisions and actions. This lesson will examine the primary characters—Bigger Thomas, his family, and key figures in his life—exploring their complexities, motivations, and the impact of race, identity, and societal structures on their lives. This guide is designed to help novice readers easily grasp the depth of Wright’s character development.

Introduction to Native Son

Native Son is a landmark novel by Richard Wright, published in 1940. It follows the life of Bigger Thomas, a young African American man living in poverty in 1930s Chicago. The novel explores themes of race, identity, fear, guilt, and the consequences of systemic oppression. Through vivid and complex character portrayals, Wright illustrates the devastating effects of racism on individual lives. Understanding the characters and their motivations is essential to grasping the deeper meanings of the novel.

1. Bigger Thomas: The Tragic Protagonist

Overview of Bigger Thomas

Bigger Thomas is the central character in Native Son, and his journey reflects the psychological and emotional struggles of African Americans living in an oppressive, racially segregated society. Bigger is a 20-year-old black man who lives in poverty in the South Side of Chicago with his family. The novel traces his life and the choices he makes as he navigates a world that limits his opportunities due to his race.

Character Traits of Bigger Thomas

• Anger and Resentment: Bigger is filled with anger, not only because of his poverty but because of the racial discrimination he faces at every turn. He often reacts violently and irrationally, driven by fear and resentment of the oppressive system around him.
• Fear and Insecurity: Bigger feels trapped by the constraints of his environment. He is terrified of the world around him, especially when interacting with white people, and struggles with his sense of worth.
• Conflicted Identity: Bigger is caught between his desire to assert his independence and the constant pressure to conform to societal expectations placed on him due to his race.

Examples:

• In the beginning, Bigger’s anger is evident when he says, “I feel like a rat. I’m just like a rat in a cage,” symbolizing his feelings of entrapment by the system.
• His interactions with the Daltons show his conflict. He wants to earn their respect but also resents them for seeing him as a product of their charity rather than a person of value.

Bigger’s Psychological Conflict

Bigger’s internal conflict is central to his character. On the one hand, he wants to break free from the oppression that surrounds him, but on the other hand, he feels powerless to do so. His fear and lack of self-worth often lead him to make disastrous decisions, culminating in the accidental death of Mary Dalton.

Examples:

• Bigger’s reaction to Mary’s death—where he smothers her in a panic to avoid being caught—shows how his fear and guilt quickly spiral out of control.

Reading Assignment for Bigger Thomas

• Read the chapters that focus on Bigger’s interactions with the Daltons, as well as his internal thoughts and feelings.
• Pay special attention to how Wright develops Bigger’s character through his reactions to various situations, especially his relationships with other characters.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Bigger’s anger stem from his feelings of powerlessness and frustration with societal oppression?
2. What role does fear play in Bigger’s decisions throughout the novel?
3. How do Bigger’s actions reflect the psychological toll of systemic racism?

2. Mary Dalton: The Idealistic Figure

Overview of Mary Dalton

Mary Dalton is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Dalton, who employ Bigger as their chauffeur. She represents the idealistic, liberal, but ultimately naïve side of the white community. Mary treats Bigger as an equal, which, while well-intentioned, complicates his sense of identity and exacerbates his feelings of alienation.

Character Traits of Mary Dalton

• Well-Meaning but Naïve: Mary’s treatment of Bigger as an equal, although well-intentioned, is ultimately misguided. She fails to understand the racial dynamics at play and does not comprehend the weight of Bigger’s experience.
• Rebellious: Mary rejects traditional societal norms, such as racial segregation, by being friendly and casual with Bigger. However, her rebellion is limited, as she is still unable to fully challenge the oppressive system.

Examples:

• When Mary insists on treating Bigger as a friend, she inadvertently highlights her ignorance of the complex racial issues that Bigger faces.

Mary’s Role in Bigger’s Life

Mary’s presence in Bigger’s life stirs conflicting emotions. While he is uncomfortable with her progressive views, he is also frustrated by her naivety. She symbolizes the well-meaning white individuals who, despite their liberal ideals, do not truly understand the gravity of racial inequality.

Examples:

• The scene where Bigger feels awkward and alienated during his interaction with Mary and her boyfriend, Jan, reflects the racial divide despite the good intentions behind their actions.

Reading Assignment for Mary Dalton

• Pay attention to Mary’s actions and her conversations with Bigger, especially during the car ride to the college and the dinner scenes.
• Focus on her interactions with her boyfriend Jan and her contrasting behavior toward Bigger.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Mary’s treatment of Bigger reflect her own ignorance of the realities of race and class?
2. What does Mary’s character reveal about the limitations of white liberalism during this period?
3. How does Bigger’s discomfort with Mary’s actions contribute to the development of his internal conflict?

3. Mrs. Thomas: The Overburdened Mother

Overview of Mrs. Thomas

Mrs. Thomas is Bigger’s mother. She represents the sacrifices and struggles of many African American women during the era. She is a deeply religious woman who works hard to support her family, but her love for Bigger blinds her to his emotional and psychological needs. She hopes for a better life for her son but is largely powerless to help him overcome the systemic forces that hold him back.

Character Traits of Mrs. Thomas

• Religious and Hopeful: Mrs. Thomas has strong faith in God and hopes that her son will eventually find redemption.
• Overworked and Resilient: She is the backbone of the family, trying to keep the family together despite their economic hardships.

Examples:

• Mrs. Thomas’ reliance on religion to help her cope with her son’s behavior highlights the role that faith plays in the lives of many African American families during this time.

Mrs. Thomas’ Relationship with Bigger

Bigger’s relationship with his mother is complicated. He feels a deep sense of obligation to her but also resents her for the expectations she places on him. He cannot meet her expectations because the world around him offers no real opportunities for success.

Examples:

• Mrs. Thomas’s constant advice and prayers for Bigger’s salvation contrast sharply with his own frustrations and lack of hope.

Reading Assignment for Mrs. Thomas

• Read the parts where Mrs. Thomas expresses her concern for Bigger’s well-being and where she tries to motivate him to live a better life.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Mrs. Thomas’ faith shape her expectations of her son?
2. In what ways does Mrs. Thomas’ character highlight the limited role of African American mothers in shaping their children’s destinies during this period?
3. How does Bigger’s relationship with his mother affect his decisions later in the novel?

4. Jan Erlone: The Progressive White Boyfriend

Overview of Jan Erlone

Jan is Mary Dalton’s boyfriend, who represents a more progressive and anti-racist approach to white society. He views Bigger as an equal and strives to break down racial barriers. However, his well-meaning actions are complicated by his own privileged position and the reality of systemic racism.

Character Traits of Jan Erlone

• Progressive and Anti-Racist: Jan genuinely believes in equality and treats Bigger as an equal.
• Out of Touch with Reality: Despite his good intentions, Jan’s views are disconnected from the harsh realities of racial oppression that Bigger faces.

Examples:

• Jan’s insistence on treating Bigger as an equal, without understanding the racial tensions at play, showcases his privilege and idealism.

Reading Assignment for Jan Erlone

• Focus on Jan’s interactions with Bigger, particularly when he insists on treating him as an equal.

Evaluation Questions

1. How does Jan’s character challenge the notion of “white savior” and show the complexities of race relations?
2. In what ways is Jan’s progressive attitude problematic for Bigger?

Conclusion

In conclusion, both Othello and Native Son present poignant critiques of societal structures and human emotions. Shakespeare’s portrayal of Othello’s tragic fall under the weight of jealousy and manipulation reveals the destructive consequences of unchecked emotions and racial prejudice. Similarly, Richard Wright’s Native Son offers a sobering exploration of the systemic racism that limits opportunities and forces individuals into tragic circumstances. Both works provide powerful lessons on the dangers of racism, miscommunication, and the psychological toll of living in an unjust society. By analyzing these literary masterpieces, we not only appreciate their historical and social significance but also reflect on how these themes remain relevant today, urging us to examine our own societal values and beliefs.