This revision guide covers crucial topics in SS 2 Geography, ranging from renewable and non-renewable resources to industries, agriculture, and geographic measurements. It provides detailed explanations and exam-style questions to help students prepare thoroughly for their exams.
Week 1: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
What are Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources?
- Renewable Resources: Resources that can be replenished naturally at a rate equal to or faster than their consumption. Examples include solar energy, wind, and water.
- Non-Renewable Resources: Resources that cannot be replenished within a human lifetime, such as fossil fuels and minerals.
Key Concepts:
- Types of Renewable Resources: Solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, and biomass.
- Types of Non-Renewable Resources: Coal, oil, natural gas, and minerals like iron and gold.
- Sustainability: The importance of conserving resources for future generations.
Likely Exam Questions:
- Define renewable and non-renewable resources.
- Provide examples of renewable resources and explain their significance.
- Explain why fossil fuels are considered non-renewable resources.
- How does the use of non-renewable resources impact the environment?
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources.
- What measures can be taken to conserve non-renewable resources?
- How does the use of renewable resources contribute to sustainability?
- Explain the environmental impact of over-exploiting non-renewable resources.
- How can governments promote the use of renewable resources?
- Compare the efficiency and availability of renewable and non-renewable energy.
Week 2: Environmental Problems (Hazards)
What are Environmental Hazards?
Environmental hazards are events or conditions that have a harmful impact on the environment, public health, and safety.
Key Concepts:
- Types of Environmental Hazards: Natural hazards (earthquakes, floods, droughts) and human-made hazards (pollution, deforestation, global warming).
- Impact of Hazards: Destruction of habitats, loss of biodiversity, climate change, and health risks to humans.
Likely Exam Questions:
- Define environmental hazards and explain their impact on society.
- What are the main causes of environmental pollution?
- Discuss the effects of deforestation on the environment.
- How do human activities contribute to climate change?
- What are the consequences of water pollution on human health?
- How can environmental hazards like floods and droughts be mitigated?
- What role does the government play in reducing environmental hazards?
- Explain the impact of industrialization on the environment.
- How do environmental hazards affect agriculture and food security?
- Discuss the measures that can be taken to prevent environmental degradation.
Week 3: Agriculture
What is Agriculture?
Agriculture involves the cultivation of crops and the rearing of animals for food, raw materials, and other products.
Key Concepts:
- Types of Agriculture: Subsistence farming, commercial farming, and mixed farming.
- Factors Influencing Agriculture: Climate, soil fertility, technology, and market access.
- Importance of Agriculture: Provides food, raw materials, employment, and contributes to the economy.
Likely Exam Questions:
- Define agriculture and explain its importance to the economy.
- What are the different types of farming, and how do they differ?
- How does climate influence agricultural activities?
- Discuss the role of technology in modern agriculture.
- What challenges do farmers face in regions with poor soil fertility?
- How does agriculture contribute to food security?
- What is the significance of crop rotation in sustainable agriculture?
- Explain the impact of mechanization on farming practices.
- How does agriculture contribute to employment in developing countries?
- Discuss the environmental impact of large-scale commercial farming.
Week 4: Transportation in Nigeria
What is Transportation in Nigeria?
Transportation refers to the movement of people and goods from one place to another, which is vital for economic development.
Key Concepts:
- Modes of Transportation: Road, rail, air, and waterways.
- Challenges: Poor infrastructure, inadequate funding, traffic congestion, and security issues.
- Importance: Facilitates trade, mobility, and access to services.
Likely Exam Questions:
- Describe the different modes of transportation in Nigeria.
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of road transportation in Nigeria?
- Discuss the challenges facing the rail transport system in Nigeria.
- How does air transportation contribute to Nigeria’s economy?
- What are the benefits and limitations of waterway transportation in Nigeria?
- How does inadequate infrastructure affect transportation in Nigeria?
- Discuss the role of transportation in promoting national development.
- How can the Nigerian government improve the transportation sector?
- What are the environmental impacts of transportation in Nigeria?
- How does transportation contribute to trade and commerce in Nigeria?
Week 5: Manufacturing Industries
What are Manufacturing Industries?
Manufacturing industries involve the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for consumption or further processing.
Key Concepts:
- Types of Manufacturing: Heavy manufacturing, light manufacturing, and cottage industries.
- Importance: Provides jobs, generates revenue, and contributes to economic growth.
- Challenges: Energy supply, infrastructure, raw material availability, and competition.
Likely Exam Questions:
- Define manufacturing industries and explain their role in the economy.
- What are the different types of manufacturing industries?
- How do manufacturing industries contribute to job creation?
- What are the challenges faced by manufacturing industries in Nigeria?
- Discuss the role of government policies in promoting industrialization.
- How can Nigeria’s manufacturing sector become more competitive?
- What are the environmental concerns associated with manufacturing industries?
- How does the availability of raw materials influence manufacturing activities?
- What is the relationship between agriculture and manufacturing industries?
- How do manufacturing industries contribute to exports and trade?
Week 6: Manufacturing Industries (II)
Advanced Topics in Manufacturing Industries
This week continues the exploration of manufacturing industries, focusing on industrial processes, technological advancements, and the economic implications of manufacturing.
Key Concepts:
- Industrial Processes: Assembly lines, automation, and mass production.
- Technology in Manufacturing: The use of robotics, AI, and 3D printing.
- Economic Impacts: Contribution to GDP, exports, and infrastructure development.
Likely Exam Questions:
- Describe the industrial processes involved in large-scale manufacturing.
- What role does technology play in modern manufacturing industries?
- Discuss the economic benefits of industrialization in developing countries.
- How does automation affect employment in manufacturing sectors?
- What is the significance of value-added production in the manufacturing industry?
- Explain the role of industrial clusters and zones in boosting manufacturing.
- How can Nigeria enhance its manufacturing capacity through technology?
- What are the challenges of adopting advanced manufacturing technologies in Nigeria?
- Discuss the role of foreign direct investment in the manufacturing sector.
- How does the growth of the manufacturing industry influence urbanization?
Week 7: Measurement of Direction and Bearing
What is the Measurement of Direction and Bearing?
This topic deals with the techniques used to determine direction and bearing in geography and navigation.
Key Concepts:
- Compass Bearings: North, East, South, West, and intermediate directions (NE, NW, SE, SW).
- Types of Bearings: True bearings (measured from true North) and magnetic bearings (measured from magnetic North).
- Use of Bearings in Navigation: Mapping routes, determining locations, and geographic orientation.
Likely Exam Questions:
- Define direction and bearing in geography.
- Explain how compass bearings are used to determine direction.
- How do true bearings differ from magnetic bearings?
- What is the significance of bearing measurements in navigation?
- How do you convert between compass directions and bearings?
- Discuss the use of bearings in mapping and surveying.
- How does the magnetic declination affect bearing measurements?
- What tools are used in the measurement of bearings?
- Explain the concept of azimuth and its application in navigation.
- How can bearings be used to locate a position on a map?
Week 8: Representation of Relief
What is Representation of Relief?
Relief refers to the physical features of the Earth’s surface, including mountains, valleys, plains, and hills.
Key Concepts:
- Types of Relief: Mountains, plateaus, hills, valleys, and plains.
- Methods of Representation: Contour lines, shaded relief, and digital elevation models (DEMs).
- Importance: Helps in understanding the topography and landforms of an area.
Likely Exam Questions:
- Define relief in geography and explain its significance.
- How are contour lines used to represent relief on a map?
- What is the importance of using shaded relief in map representation?
- Describe the various landforms included in relief.
- How can digital elevation models (DEMs) be used to represent relief?
- Explain the process of interpreting a contour map.
- How does relief influence human activities and settlement patterns?
- What are the challenges in representing relief on flat maps?
- How can technology assist in representing relief in modern mapping?
- Discuss the role of relief in shaping climate and vegetation zones.